* What Turkish chieftan or ghazi brought together his followers into a group that became known to history as the Osmanlis or Ottomans?
* What were the elite slave-soldiers of the Ottoman Army called?
* What influential Ottoman sultan won the nicknames 'Magnificent' and 'Lawgiver'?
* What social system allowed the Ottomans to peacefully see over an extremely diverse empire?
* Ancient nomadic tribes along the western side of what steppe were the seeds of the Ottoman Empire?
* The early Turks were akin to what ancient barbaric tribe?
* When the Arabs of the Islamic Caliphate arrived in the Middle East, Turkish power crumbled. A century afterwards, the Turks renounced their pagan beliefs and embraced Islam. What century was this?
* The Arabs quickly discerned the qualities of the Turkish Seljuks. Besides self-discipline and foresight, what combative skill, and unit, did the Arabs admire?
* What Seljuk sultanate was known as 'The Ceasers of Rome,' in Arabic?
* Which crusade created a fluid boundry between the worlds of Islam and Cristianity?
* In 1243 which nomadic tribe invaded Asia Minor and destroyed the Seljuks, which left room for the Ottoman empire to grow?
* Occupied by British from India 1839, gradual extension of British control.
* Ottoman province with local ruling groups in 18th century. Local dynasty (Mohamed Ali) from 1805, under Ottoman sovereignty. British occupation 1882. Declared British Protectorate 1914.
* Part of Ottoman province of Damascus. Princedom from 1921 (Hashemite family).
* Independent kingdom under Kajar dynasty 1794-1925. British and Russian influence, culminating in agreement on spheres of influence 1907.
* Ottoman provinces, unified in 1921 as kingdom (Hashemite family) under British occupation, then mandate.
* Ottoman provinces. A short independence under prince of Hashemite family 1918-20. French occupation 1920, then mandate.
* Sheikhdom. British protectorate formalised 1916 after agreement with Sheikh Abdullah al-Thani. Capital is in Arabic called Ad Dawhah.
* Independent sheikhdom (Al Khalifa family) since 1861. Comprises a group of islands in the Persian Gulf.
* Autonomous sheikhdom (Al Sabah family). British protection formalised 1899. Oil discovered 1938.