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Quiz about The Battle of the Somme
Quiz about The Battle of the Somme

The Battle of the Somme Trivia Quiz


This quiz deals with the Battle of the Somme in some detail, although anybody with a broader knowledge of the First World War should be able to approach it with some confidence.

A multiple-choice quiz by Richie15. Estimated time: 9 mins.
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Author
Richie15
Time
9 mins
Type
Multiple Choice
Quiz #
264,543
Updated
Dec 03 21
# Qns
25
Difficulty
Difficult
Avg Score
12 / 25
Plays
3343
Awards
Top 5% quiz!
Last 3 plays: Guest 176 (15/25), Guest 58 (16/25), Guest 86 (23/25).
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Question 1 of 25
1. In which region of France is the Somme battlefield located? Hint


Question 2 of 25
2. The main section of the Somme battlefield is bisected by a straight road originally built by the Romans. Which two towns does it connect? Hint


Question 3 of 25
3. The Somme offensive was specifically planned partly with the intention of drawing German troops away from which other battle front? Hint


Question 4 of 25
4. The first day of the 1916 Somme offensive was the bloodiest day in the history of the British and Commonwealth armed forces. What was the date? Hint


Question 5 of 25
5. The 1st Battalion of which British dominion's regiment suffered a 75% casualty rate within half an hour of its assault on German positions at Beaumont-Hamel on the opening day of the Somme offensive? Hint


Question 6 of 25
6. For what conspicuous act of gallantry was Private William McFadzean of the 14th Btn, Royal Irish Rifles, awarded the first of the 51 Victoria Crosses won during the Battle of the Somme? Hint


Question 7 of 25
7. American poet Alan Seeger, uncle of folk-singer Pete Seeger, was killed on the first day of the 1916 Somme offensive whilst attacking the village of Belloy-en-Santerre. With which unit was he serving? Hint


Question 8 of 25
8. A shallow depression south of the village of La Boisselle in the centre of the Somme battlefield was nicknamed 'Sausage Valley' because of a German observation balloon stationed there. By what name was a similar shallow valley north of the same village known? Hint


Question 9 of 25
9. One of the most visible reminders of the fighting on the Somme is a crater formed by a vast mine exploded beneath the German lines to the south-east of La Boisselle immediately prior to the initial assault. What is the crater called? Hint


Question 10 of 25
10. Which area of Germany gave its name to the daunting stronghold on Thiepval Ridge, an insurmountable objective of the 36th (Ulster) Division on the first day of the Somme campaign? Hint


Question 11 of 25
11. A striking memorial to the fighting men of which country stands under the southern edge of Mametz Wood, where over 4,000 of its sons were killed or wounded between 7th and 12th July 1916? Hint


Question 12 of 25
12. Which category best describes the majority of British and Empire troops who fought on the Somme in 1916? Hint


Question 13 of 25
13. Known as 'Mad Jack' to his men for his apparently suicidal exploits, which writer and poet who served on the Somme as a Second Lieutenant in the Royal Welch Fusiliers had previously won the Military Cross for raiding the German trench lines at Fricourt? Hint


Question 14 of 25
14. Which village situated at the highest point of the entire Somme battlefield was taken by the Australian 1st Division on July 23rd, 1916, the nearby ridge described by the official historian as being "more densely sown with Australian sacrifice than any other place on earth."? Hint


Question 15 of 25
15. Cpt. Noel Chavasse of the Royal Army Medical Corps won a Victoria Cross at Guillemont on August 15, 1916, for seeking out, and attending to, wounded men whilst under heavy fire. What was his remarkable subsequent achievement? Hint


Question 16 of 25
16. Which infamous wood adjacent to the village of Longueval in the south-east central part of the Somme battlefield is today home to a South African National Memorial and Museum? Hint


Question 17 of 25
17. Which future British Prime Minister was seriously wounded in a dawn attack at Lesboeufs on 15th September 1916 and then spent eight or nine hours in a muddy shell-hole reading "Prometheus Bound" in the original Greek? Hint


Question 18 of 25
18. What weapon was used for the first time in combat history at Flers in the eastern part of the Somme battlefield on September 15th, 1916? Hint


Question 19 of 25
19. Who was seriously wounded on the Somme battlefield on October 7th, 1916, when a British artillery shell penetrated his dugout, killing several of his nearby comrades? Hint


Question 20 of 25
20. In November 1916, the Germans began work on a new line of fortifications some distance behind the Somme battlefront in order to shorten their lines of defence. After which newly-appointed Supreme Commander of the Army was this formidable obstacle unofficially named?
Hint


Question 21 of 25
21. Who was in overall command of the French armies which fought in the southern sectors of the Somme battlefield between July and November 1916? Hint


Question 22 of 25
22. Between July and November 1916, it is estimated that the German forces suffered how many casualties (dead, wounded or taken prisoner) during the Somme campaign? Hint


Question 23 of 25
23. Completed in 1932, the largest British war memorial in the world stands on which part of the Somme battlefield? Hint


Question 24 of 25
24. In 1992, it was revealed that a famous fictional character was taken prisoner by the Germans whilst serving in a Belgian unit on the Somme in August 1916. Who was this character? Hint


Question 25 of 25
25. Seen on headstones across the Western Front and particularly in evidence on the Somme, which three-word formulation devised by Rudyard Kipling is used on all British and Commonwealth graves to indicate the unidentified fallen? Hint



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Quiz Answer Key and Fun Facts
1. In which region of France is the Somme battlefield located?

Answer: Picardy

Though Flanders is perhaps a more evocative name when recalling the trench warfare of the Great War, the river Somme flows through the heart of Picardy, between Flanders and Paris. The surprisingly compact battlefield is in the north of the region and consists of a gently rolling upland plain used mainly for agricultural purposes.
2. The main section of the Somme battlefield is bisected by a straight road originally built by the Romans. Which two towns does it connect?

Answer: Albert-Bapaume

At the beginning of the battle, Albert was about a mile-and-a-half behind the British front line, and the Madonna-and-Child statue on the tower of the Notre Dame de Berbieres church in the town could be seen by the Germans. Bapaume, about 8 miles to the north-east, was a logistical and assembly centre for the Germans, and a key British target on the first day of the campaign in July.

When the battle finally ground to a halt in the mid-November mud, Bapaume was still firmly in German hands.
3. The Somme offensive was specifically planned partly with the intention of drawing German troops away from which other battle front?

Answer: Verdun

Although the British under Commander-in-Chief General Douglas Haig had long visualised a major campaign in France for the summer of 1916, the relief of pressure on the desperate French armies defending Verdun 150 miles to the south-east became an increasingly urgent factor in the planning. By May 1916, the German intention to bleed dry the French armies in Lorraine was beginning to have a critical effect on both morale and numbers.

It was hoped that a campaign in Picardy could draw vital German forces away from Verdun.
4. The first day of the 1916 Somme offensive was the bloodiest day in the history of the British and Commonwealth armed forces. What was the date?

Answer: July 1st

British and Empire losses on the first day of the Somme are usually put at 60,000, of which around 20,000 were killed. A large proportion of the casualties were sustained in the first hour of the assault, despite a prolonged artillery barrage on the German positions which in some places had lasted longer than a fortnight. The inexperienced British were still unfamiliar with German expertise in the construction of trenches and bunkers which were largely able to protect their front-line troops.

Although standard British practice was to begin assaults before dawn, on this occasion the French had requested a delay in order to be able to assess the damage done by their artillery, and to adjust their attack accordingly at the latest possible moment. As a result, the heavily laden troops began to go over the top at 7.30 a.m. in bright sunlight, easy targets for the German defenders who recognised the cessation of the artillery barrage as a signal for the beginning of an assault, and who were given vital minutes to get into their trench positions.
5. The 1st Battalion of which British dominion's regiment suffered a 75% casualty rate within half an hour of its assault on German positions at Beaumont-Hamel on the opening day of the Somme offensive?

Answer: Newfoundland

The Newfoundlanders formed part of a secondary wave which was intended to consolidate ground won earlier in the morning of July 1st. Arriving at their front-line trenches, they found their progress hampered by the dead and injured of the first wave attack, which itself had barely been able to get out of the trench system into 'No Man's Land'. The inexperienced but potentially elite battalion struggled up a coverless and gently sloping incline towards the German positions, but was virtually wiped out by machine-gun fire from well-sited emplacements. Were it not for the practice of holding back a percentage of a regiment's strength in order to form a new unit around a veteran nucleus in case of catastrophe, the 1st Newfoundland would have ceased to exist. During the course of the war, it is estimated that the personnel of this battalion was effectively replaced six times. The Newfoundland Memorial at Beaumont-Hamel is surmounted by the statue of a caribou, howling in grief at the old German lines.

This German position at 'Y Ravine', Beaumont-Hamel, was finally stormed by men of the 51st (Highland) Division in mid-November.
6. For what conspicuous act of gallantry was Private William McFadzean of the 14th Btn, Royal Irish Rifles, awarded the first of the 51 Victoria Crosses won during the Battle of the Somme?

Answer: bodily smothering a live bomb in his own trenches

A rugby-playing Ulsterman, William McFadzean's strapping physique made him an obvious candidate for the role of 'bomber' (grenadier), because of the strength required to carry heavy crates of grenades around the battlefield.

On July 1st 1916 at Thiepval Wood whilst McFadzean was distributing grenades in preparation for the coming attack, an accident upset one such crate, sending two live bombs into a trench crowded with men of the Royal Irish Rifles. Instantly recognising the danger to his comrades, McFadzean dived on to the bombs in order to smother the inevitable explosion. He was killed instantly, but his selfless action prevented any other casualties. His remains were lost shortly after in a German counter-barrage, and he is commemorated on both the Thiepval Monument to the missing and on a plaque in the grounds of the Ulster Tower Memorial not far from the spot he died.
7. American poet Alan Seeger, uncle of folk-singer Pete Seeger, was killed on the first day of the 1916 Somme offensive whilst attacking the village of Belloy-en-Santerre. With which unit was he serving?

Answer: French Foreign Legion

Harvard graduate Alan Seeger was living in the Latin Quarter of Paris when war broke out in 1914, and immediately joined the Foreign Legion. He was killed by machine-gun fire during an attack on the heavily defended village of Belloy-en-Santerre in the French sector of the Somme battlefield. One of Belloy's main squares is named after him.

In his most famous poem, 'Rendezvous', he had written, 'I have a rendezvous with death/On some scarred slope or battered hill ...'. His fateful words came true on the first day of the battle.
8. A shallow depression south of the village of La Boisselle in the centre of the Somme battlefield was nicknamed 'Sausage Valley' because of a German observation balloon stationed there. By what name was a similar shallow valley north of the same village known?

Answer: Mash Valley

To the men of the British 8th Division, Mash Valley, overlooked by the northern flank of the village of La Boisselle, represented around half a mile of No Man's Land which had to be crossed in broad daylight on July 1st 1916. The defenders did not open fire until their targets were within 100-200 yards of the German trenches, causing predictably heavy casualties.

Amazingly, around 60 or 70 men from an assortment of units temporarily gained a foothold in the German front line, rallied by the commanding officer of the 2nd Lincolnshire Batallion, Lt.-Col. Reginald Bastard, a man clearly worth following to hell and back for his name alone. The small group was unable to hold the position in the face of overwhelming numbers and had to fall back in difficult circumstances. Lt.-Col. Bastard, a veteran of the Boer War, was awarded a second D.S.O.(Distinguished Service Order) for his efforts in Mash Valley, and survived active service in both this World War and the next.
9. One of the most visible reminders of the fighting on the Somme is a crater formed by a vast mine exploded beneath the German lines to the south-east of La Boisselle immediately prior to the initial assault. What is the crater called?

Answer: Lochnagar

Taking its name from the trench where the mine's access tunnel was started and said to be the largest crater ever made in anger by man, Lochnagar is the only surviving unfilled crater of its type on the Western Front. It was detonated using around 60,000 lbs of the explosive ammonal at 7.28 on the morning of the attack on July 1st, 1916. Although a series of dugouts was obliterated, the effectiveness of the mine in terms of casualties is unclear. It is possible that a message intercepted on a tapped British telephone line gave away the presence of the mine shortly before its detonation, giving the Germans time to evacuate a proportion of their troops. During the carnage which followed, dozens of men from the 10th Btn, the Lincolnshire Regiment (the 'Grimsby Pals') and from the Northumberland Fusiliers (the 'Tyneside Scottish') found some shelter in the newly-created 400-foot diameter crater.

The time and effort which it took to construct such mines, and the danger inherent in their creation, were brought vividly to the attention of the reading public in Sebastian Faulks' 1993 novel 'Birdsong'.
10. Which area of Germany gave its name to the daunting stronghold on Thiepval Ridge, an insurmountable objective of the 36th (Ulster) Division on the first day of the Somme campaign?

Answer: Schwaben (Swabia)

The Schwaben Redoubt was a massive warren dug into the Thiepval Ridge which was a keystone of the German lines on the Somme. It resisted all British assaults until late September, and even then northern parts of it remained in German hands. A heroic action by the 109th Brigade of the 36th (Ulster) Division on July 1st actually saw parts of the redoubt temporarily occupied, but poor progress to the north and south of the position meant that the Ulstermen were exposed to fire from three sides, and had to withdraw. The massive effort that day cost the division over 5,000 casualties, commemorated at the Ulster Tower Memorial, which overlooks the Schwaben Redoubt.

Unusually, many of the headstones in the nearby Mill Road Cemetery are laid flat on the floor, because of the fear of subsidence. The cemetery stands directly above tunnels and dugouts of the old German position.
11. A striking memorial to the fighting men of which country stands under the southern edge of Mametz Wood, where over 4,000 of its sons were killed or wounded between 7th and 12th July 1916?

Answer: Wales

The Welsh paid a heavy price for failing to occupy the wood on July 8th, 1916, when it appears to have been relatively lightly held by the Germans, who reinforced the position overnight. The divisional commander, General Ivor Phillips, was relieved of his command by Douglas Haig for the apparent oversight. Two brigades of the 38th (Welsh) Division were earmarked for an assault the next day. In the face of hellish conditions and stubborn German opposition, the wood had been cleared by the 12th. The division's casualties were such that the Welsh were not sent into action again for over a year.

Reduced to splinters during the fighting, Mametz Wood stands today grim, impenetrable and uninviting above the bright red 38th Division Welsh Dragon memorial which faces it defiantly, a shred of torn barbed wire in its outstretched claw. As many as 2,000 British soldiers, and at least as many Germans, are said to lie in unmarked graves in the wood which fell into private hands shortly after the war, and which was not as thoroughly 'swept' for bodies as many other places.
12. Which category best describes the majority of British and Empire troops who fought on the Somme in 1916?

Answer: volunteers

Although leavened by the type of regular unit which had stood in the front line since the beginning of the war, the force used on the Somme was essentially volunteer recruits. It included the "Pals' Battalions" which were supposed to make up in morale what they may have lacked in training under the assumption that, as friends, they would live, fight and die for each other. This theory was tested almost literally to destruction by General Haig's attritional strategy, and memorials to battalions raised particularly in England's northern industrial towns and cities such as Sheffield, Accrington and Barnsley litter the battlefield. Sadly, the devastating effect of the destruction of such battalions on their tightly-knit source communities does not appear to have been taken into account.

Even before the Somme, word of the true nature of the war was getting back to Britain, and the stream of volunteers was running dry. For the first time in its history, Great Britain introduced conscription in January 1916.
13. Known as 'Mad Jack' to his men for his apparently suicidal exploits, which writer and poet who served on the Somme as a Second Lieutenant in the Royal Welch Fusiliers had previously won the Military Cross for raiding the German trench lines at Fricourt?

Answer: Siegfried Sassoon

Siegfried Sassoon's journey from committed patriot to disillusioned objector must have been typical of many lower profile figures who experienced the Great War at first hand, and this progress is reflected in the development of his poetry. Although he had been awarded the Military Cross for his bravery, in 1917, he took a public stand against the horrors of the war. Rather than court-martial a bona fide and well-known war hero, the authorities sent him to the military hospital at Craiglockhart in Scotland with the implication that he had been psychologically damaged by his experiences. He was eventually sent back to the trenches, but a head wound saw him returned permanently to England.

During the war, Sassoon's path crossed that of other literary figures such as Wilfred Owen and Robert Graves. A fictionalised account of this period of his life is the basis for Pat Barker's celebrated 1991 novel 'Regeneration'.
14. Which village situated at the highest point of the entire Somme battlefield was taken by the Australian 1st Division on July 23rd, 1916, the nearby ridge described by the official historian as being "more densely sown with Australian sacrifice than any other place on earth."?

Answer: Pozieres

Because of its strategically important position high in the centre of the battlefield, the Germans were particularly unwilling to relinquish their hold on the area around the village of Pozieres, and had stubbornly resisted a series of British attacks in mid-July.

In a systematic but nevertheless costly night attack on July 23rd, the ever-reliable Australians took a large part of the village. However, the bulk of the casualties were sustained over the following days by the Australian 2nd Division, when less well-planned attacks were sent against German troops hanging on in vital positions just to the east of the village. By the time the Germans were squeezed out on August 5th, the Australian 2nd Division had lost nearly 7,000 men in less than a fortnight.

The Australian flag still flies over Pozieres in recognition of the sacrifice made there by the ANZACs.
15. Cpt. Noel Chavasse of the Royal Army Medical Corps won a Victoria Cross at Guillemont on August 15, 1916, for seeking out, and attending to, wounded men whilst under heavy fire. What was his remarkable subsequent achievement?

Answer: He later won a second Victoria Cross

Attached to the 1/10th battalion of the King's Liverpool Regiment ('The Liverpool Scottish'), Cpt. Chavasse was to win a second Victoria Cross for similar actions a year later near Ypres. Sadly, the second award was a posthumous one since Chavasse died of wounds sustained whilst attending to the injured. Of the tens of thousands of headstones in cemeteries on the Western Front, his (at Brandhoek New Military Cemetery, Vlamertinge) is unique in having the double VC engravement. He is one of only three men to have been awarded a VC 'and bar'.

Chavasse was a renowned sportsman who had represented Great Britain in athletics at the 1908 London Olympics. His father was a Bishop of Liverpool, and Chavasse Park in central Liverpool is named for him. His twin brother Christopher was appointed Bishop of Rochester in 1940.
16. Which infamous wood adjacent to the village of Longueval in the south-east central part of the Somme battlefield is today home to a South African National Memorial and Museum?

Answer: Delville Wood

Like 'Pozieres', 'Beaumont-Hamel' and 'Mametz', 'Delville Wood' is a name seared into the consciousness of a nation, in this case South Africa. Between 14th and 20th July 1916 in some of the most bitter and concentrated fighting of the entire war, the 1st South African Brigade, attached to the 9th (Scottish) Division, took and held most of this exposed wood in the face of constant German bombardment and counter-attack. When they were finally relieved, nearly 2000 of the 3100-strong Brigade were dead and around 400 wounded. The incredibly high dead-to-wounded ratio bears testimony to the ferocity of the fighting in 'Devil's Wood'. Historically, the South African assessment has been that the position at Delville Wood was of negligible strategic importance.

The dignified Memorial was unveiled in 1926, and a museum commemorating all of South Africa's dead in 20th century conflict opened in the late 1980s.
17. Which future British Prime Minister was seriously wounded in a dawn attack at Lesboeufs on 15th September 1916 and then spent eight or nine hours in a muddy shell-hole reading "Prometheus Bound" in the original Greek?

Answer: Harold Macmillan

Serving in 4th Btn, Grenadier Guards, Cpt. Harold MacMillan was eventually discovered in a shell-hole with a bullet in his pelvis by his Company Sergeant-Major who barked out in parade-ground manner, "Thank you, Sir, for permission to carry you away!". Once out of the immediate battle zone, Macmillan had to find his own way back to a dressing station in extremely hazardous circumstances which weakened him further, and he was eventually evacuated to Britain.

'Supermac' succeeded Anthony Eden as British Prime Minister in 1957 and held the office till 1963.
18. What weapon was used for the first time in combat history at Flers in the eastern part of the Somme battlefield on September 15th, 1916?

Answer: tank

Douglas Haig's decision to give much-needed impetus to the Somme campaign by introducing Britain's new secret weapon to the battlefield in September 1916 has been criticised for being premature. The 'tanks' were untested and known to be mechanically unreliable and at that time were unavailable in sufficient numbers to make a decisive impact on the flow of battle.

On 15th September, around half of the assembled 32 vehicles made it to the front line and enjoyed some success, taking shocked Germans prisoner and proving notably instrumental in occupying the village of Flers, where a reconnaissance pilot memorably reported "a Tank walking up the High Street" with "the British army cheering behind." However, the unveiling of the weapon allowed the Germans to begin working on tactics to combat the new menace.

A memorial marking the point at which tanks first went into action is located on the road east of Pozieres. This monument from the 'War to end Wars' still bears bullet scars from a strafing attack by US aircraft on a German convoy in 1944.
19. Who was seriously wounded on the Somme battlefield on October 7th, 1916, when a British artillery shell penetrated his dugout, killing several of his nearby comrades?

Answer: Adolf Hitler

Serving in the extremely dangerous role of message runner in the 16th Bavarian Infantry Reserve Regiment, in October 1916 Hitler found himself deployed near Bapaume. His runners' dugout was on the receiving end of a direct artillery hit and he was extremely fortunate to escape with a thigh wound when others were killed outright.

Some gun crew in the Royal Field Artillery would never realise how close it came to altering the future course of world history with a single shot.
20. In November 1916, the Germans began work on a new line of fortifications some distance behind the Somme battlefront in order to shorten their lines of defence. After which newly-appointed Supreme Commander of the Army was this formidable obstacle unofficially named?

Answer: Hindenburg

In August 1916, largely as a result of the failure of the Germans to make a breakthrough at Verdun, the Chief of the General Staff Erich von Falkenhayn was replaced by Paul von Hindenburg, who took command of the Western Front. With him he brought his trusted adviser Erich Ludendorff.

Realising that the Germans were unnecessarily heavily committed in the Somme salient, Hindenburg ordered the construction of a defensive line designed to shorten the front by 30 miles, and effectively release a dozen experienced divisions for deployment elsewhere. The section of the line built behind the Somme battlefield was known as the 'Siegfried-Stellung', and was ready by February 1917. The fields over which hundreds of thousands of men on both sides had fought and died were given up virtually overnight as the Germans moved into their heavily defended new positions.

The Hindenburg Line was breached 20 miles north of the Somme battlefield at Vimy Ridge in a famous Canadian action in April 1917. Many of the Canadian units had previously served with great distinction on the Somme, notably at Courcelette.
21. Who was in overall command of the French armies which fought in the southern sectors of the Somme battlefield between July and November 1916?

Answer: Ferdinand Foch

The French contribution to the battle of the Somme is often ignored, but under Marshal Foch the French armies straddling the river Somme in the southern part of the battlefield made the only significant gains in the early days of the campaign. This was put down to their greater experience and the fact that the German troops facing them were less well dug in.

The French advances were important since it allowed them to provide much-needed artillery support from advanced positions for the British and Empire troops who were making slow progress to the French left. The French lost around 200,000 men on the Somme only months after sustaining even greater casualties at Verdun.

Foch was made Supreme Allied Commander in March 1918.
22. Between July and November 1916, it is estimated that the German forces suffered how many casualties (dead, wounded or taken prisoner) during the Somme campaign?

Answer: 450,000 - 600,000

Precise casualty figures are difficult to establish, but it is clear that the suffering on both sides was without precedent. Total Allied losses were around 600,000-650,000. If the battle is now regarded in Britain and the Commonwealth as a pitiful waste of life, it is possible that it was an even greater catastrophe for the Germans.

Their losses included much of the irreplaceable heart of their tenacious professional army and many of its most experienced middle- and lower-ranking officers. Many regarded the Somme as the "muddy graveyard of the German army", after which its quality was diluted by ever-increasing numbers of less committed conscript troops.
23. Completed in 1932, the largest British war memorial in the world stands on which part of the Somme battlefield?

Answer: Thiepval

The spectacular Memorial to the Missing at Thiepval stands nearly 50 yards high and is visible from many parts of the old battlefield. Designed by Sir Edwin Lutyens and inaugurated in 1932, it commemorates 73,000 British and South African soldiers who died in combat on the Somme but who have no known grave.

It has been said that every surname in Britain found in the 1911 national census is represented on the massive redbrick and Portland stone monument.
24. In 1992, it was revealed that a famous fictional character was taken prisoner by the Germans whilst serving in a Belgian unit on the Somme in August 1916. Who was this character?

Answer: Indiana Jones

In 1992, a modern generation was introduced to the (today) almost inconceivable conditions of the Somme battlefield in an episode of the 'Young Indiana Jones Chronicles'. In an unusually sombre story, 17-year old Indy comes close to despair when the Belgian unit in which he is serving is subject to an unending trial of gas attacks, artillery bombardments and sudden death.

Indy avoids the fate of many of his comrades when he is captured and sent to a Prisoner-of-War camp, from which he eventually escapes after befriending a young French officer by the name of Charles de Gaulle.
25. Seen on headstones across the Western Front and particularly in evidence on the Somme, which three-word formulation devised by Rudyard Kipling is used on all British and Commonwealth graves to indicate the unidentified fallen?

Answer: 'Known Unto God'

For any visitor to the Somme battlefield, the apparently unremarkable phrase takes on an immense power when it is encountered again and again in the region's many military cemeteries. Known as 'KUG' to functionaries of the Commonwealth War Graves Commission, the words are a reminder of the difficult circumstances in which the battle was fought, the bodies of large numbers of men often being retrieved long after the fighting had finished, by which time they were no longer identifiable. Rank, unit or nationality is sometimes engraved on the headstones depending on how much could be established, for example, 'A soldier of the Argyll & Sutherland Highlanders, Known unto God'.

Rudyard Kipling, who was asked to devise the headstone epitaph, lost his only son, John, at the battle of Loos in 1915. He spent many years searching for the whereabouts of his son's body but was unsuccessful. Years later, in 1992, it was decided that the remains of a Second Lieutenant of the Irish Guards could only be John Kipling, since all the others of that rank had been exhaustively accounted for, and Lt. Kipling finally got his headstone.
Source: Author Richie15

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