I know you can filter quizzes based on categories, how tough they are, and topics, but can you filter out the quizzes based on the number of questions each quiz has? Just to make it easier when it comes to certain daily challenges that ask to do a quiz based on a particular number of questions.

No - that's part of the challenge. Familiarity with the site will help - if you spend some time browsing the various categories (actually looking through the lists of quizzes, not using a search), you may have success and be ready for a quick find when you have a relevant challenge.