Subject: Can someone please explain?
Posted by: Mixamatosis
Date: Jan 21 17
I've read that it's dangerous to mix ammonia and bleach. Variously I've read that it can produce deadly cyanide gas, chlorine gas (which is said to be bad for you) and even explosions.
However swimming pools are kept fit for use with chlorine, and our urine contains ammonia but then we may clean toilets with bleach. Also many cleaning products contain either ammonia or bleach and it would be easy to use them unthinkingly in combination.
How is it that people aren't generally harmed by these dangers when swimming in swimming pools or doing daily cleaning, or are we being harmed at low level and is the harm cumulative?
Posted by: Mixamatosis
Date: Jan 21 17
I've read that it's dangerous to mix ammonia and bleach. Variously I've read that it can produce deadly cyanide gas, chlorine gas (which is said to be bad for you) and even explosions.
However swimming pools are kept fit for use with chlorine, and our urine contains ammonia but then we may clean toilets with bleach. Also many cleaning products contain either ammonia or bleach and it would be easy to use them unthinkingly in combination.
How is it that people aren't generally harmed by these dangers when swimming in swimming pools or doing daily cleaning, or are we being harmed at low level and is the harm cumulative?
526 replies. On page 13 of 27 pages. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27
LoveAnimals555 
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Even I did not want any medical advice, I was just putting that all possibilities of common cold were proving wrong and I suspect on some new factors causing cough! :) Reply #241. May 30 18, 4:26 AM |
brm50diboll
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Self diagnosis at this point in your education is also not advisable. You need to know a whole lot more before you can make an accurate diagnosis. This is why medical school lasts four years, followed by a variable number of residency years (depending on the specialty.) It bothers me that people (I am speaking generally here, not of you in particular, Elai) think that they can understand a disease better than a doctor because they looked it up on the internet and found several websites about it. Most so-called "internet research" done by lay people is subject to severe unrecognized confirmation bias. That is, people seek out information that fits with their preexisting view of whatever it is they were looking for. And believe you me, there is always plenty of stuff on the internet that people can find that will support almost any view they may have, no matter how unscientific their views may be (antivaccination information immediately comes to mind for me.) What a real medical education should teach professionals in that field first and foremost is a healthy skepticism. Don't jump to conclusions. Don't do something out of emotional motivation rather than real evidence. Always at least consider the possibility you may be mistaken and reflect on the consequences of ignoring facts uncomfortable to you and also opinions of others more highly trained in the area than yourself. Quackery thrives when people assume they know more than professionals about something medical. Reply #242. May 30 18, 8:33 PM |
| LoveAnimals555
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O yay, Brian! MBBS ends for (4 and a half year + 1 year internship) then 2 years MD/MS and perhaps even more specialisation study for 2 more year if you want to have. (It takes almost 10 years of study + 2 year preparations for enterance exam of MBBS). This is how medicine study goes in India. I am done with the 2 year preparations, just 10 more years! :( That's true, in India here everyone feel and give suggestions/advice like a doctor. It is bit annoying. But if doctor can't find anything for you, there is only one way "Self-diagnosis" if you are really interested in science. By the way, if you have knowledge about 'Barr Body' that is in humans can you explain me. I am always confused with it? You just explain simply awesome. Reply #243. May 30 18, 9:23 PM |
| brm50diboll
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A Barr body is an inactivated X chromosome found in the nucleus of cells of female vertebrates. It typically appears as a small dark area along the inner lining of the nuclear membrane. To explain further, consider humans. Humans have 46 chromosomes (normally), which come in 23 pairs of homologues (one copy of each from the mother, one from the father.) Other species have different numbers of chromosomes, but I am focusing on humans as my example here. Now, of these 23 pairs of chromosomes, 22 of them are referred to as autosomes, and they are numbered from 1 to 22 by their size, chromosome 22 being the smallest autosome, chromosome 1 being the largest. For the 22 autosomes to work correctly in human cells, *both* the maternal and paternal copies need to be present. But the 23rd pair of chromosomes is very different. This pair is known as the sex chromosomes. There are two of them: X and Y, and unlike autosomes, they are *not* fully homologous. That is, the genes on the X do *not* correspond to the genes on the Y. In fact, the Y chromosome has very, very few functional genes at all. The Y chromosome consists mostly of "junk" DNA. The few functional genes on the Y chromosome are designed to make the individual that has it *male*. The X chromosome, on the other hand, has *many* genes, and most of these genes on the X chromosome have *nothing* to do with sex. X chromosome abnormalities are responsible for sex-linked disorders, like red-green color blindness, but I digress. Normal human females are XX, human males are XY. There is no YY, because the X chromosome is *necessary* for life. All eggs carry the X. Sperm may carry either an X or a Y. Unlike the autosomes, which require *two* copies to function properly, the X only requires *one* (otherwise males would all die, since males only have one X, and the Y cannot do what the X does.) But females have *two* X chromosomes, and their somatic cells (the non-reproductive cells) require only one X. If both X's were functional, that would actually cause metabolic problems in a female, so, during embryonic development in females, one of the two X's is randomly shut down in lines of cells. Half of the cells inactivate the maternal X, half inactivate the paternal X. This way, even in females, there is actually only one functioning X chromosome in the cells (as is the case for males). The inactivated X chromosome shrivels up and becomes the Barr body. Experts can actually tell whether most vertebrates are male or female by looking for the presence (or absence) of Barr bodies in their nuclei of their cells. The name Barr body comes from the scientist that first described them. There are no Barr bodies in the germ line cells of the ovaries, however, because *there*, females need *both* X chromosomes to be functional. There are rare chromosomal disorders where individuals may not have two sex chromosomes, as is the case for over 99% of the population. As an example, in Kleinfelter's syndrome, the individual is XXY, meaning they have two X chromosomes and one Y chromosome, for a total of three sex chromosomes. Kleinfelter's patients are male (because they have a Y), but they are sterile and have breast development found in females. They also have Barr bodies, because one of their two X chromosomes gets deactivated, just as in females. Is that enough on Barr bodies? Reply #244. May 30 18, 11:45 PM |
| LoveAnimals555
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Yup! But I remember apart from all these my teacher told once that Barr bodies are present as a drumstick like structure in neutrophils! This is the actual reason why I am always messed up and confused with Barr bodies. Can you explain this? I think if it could be explained my confusion will be gone! Reply #245. May 31 18, 3:15 AM |
| brm50diboll
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The appearance of Barr bodies does vary somewhat depending on what type of cell you are looking for it in. Although I answer your questions, Elai, it is my policy when answering questions not only to address the person who asked me the question, but also to the larger audience out there who may read this and not understand the terminology involved. Neutrophils (as you know, Elai, but other readers may not) are the most common type of white blood cell and are involved in fighting acute infections. They have a multi-lobate nucleus, which is a bit unusual. Because of the unusual structure of a neutrophil nucleus, it should not be too surprising that a Barr body in a neutrophil would have a somewhat different appearance than a Barr body in a more traditional type of nucleus, say a monocyte (another type of white blood cell). Blood is easy to obtain, so looking for Barr bodies in blood cells is a standard technique in histology. You will not find any Barr bodies (even in females, where they are found (males don't have Barr bodies, typically)) in *red* blood cells (erythrocytes) because mature red blood cells do not have nuclei in humans. For any readers trying to follow this, I apologize. Histology (the science of examining tissue structure under a microscope) is a very visual science. It is best to use photographs (micrographs, actually) to make your point. I can't use micrographs in the boards, so this is a difficult topic to properly explain in words. Elai, you are best advised to consult a histology textbook or look up "Barr bodies in human female neutrophils" online to find pictures of this. Reply #246. May 31 18, 7:59 AM |
| LoveAnimals555
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Ok, but there any difference between both the way of describing Barr body? Reply #247. May 31 18, 9:15 AM |
| brm50diboll
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It really does look like a drumstick sticking out of the nucleus of a neutrophil. The site I looked at said Barr bodies can be seen in about 3% of neutrophils. They actually are present in *every* neutrophil. (Indeed, in every nucleated somatic cell in a female.) But the key word is *seen*. Micrographs are two-dimensional. But cells are three-dimensional. Unless the slice happens to pass directly through the Barr body, it will not be visible (even though it is there) because it is slightly above or below the plane of the slice. To see and recognize these requires training in a lab setting. It is a matter of practice, not explanation. Reply #248. May 31 18, 9:53 AM |
HairyBear
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Brian, your teaching experience paid off well. I understood every word despite never going beyond junior high school biology class. (I was a Chem. major for a while.) Reply #249. May 31 18, 11:18 PM |
| brm50diboll
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Thank you. I try to break things down to a level that people can understand, and at FunTrivia that can usually be done, because regular FunTrivia players are actually near the top few percent of the general population in terms of education and intelligence (well, most of them are, anyway.) Some people may want to dispute this, but as I have taught teenagers for years, I can tell you what true "average" is, and it's way below what I see on FT. The old "Jay walking" segments Jay Leno used to do on The Tonight Show weren't staged. The general public really is woefully undereducated. There really is a large percentage of American high school students that can't correctly place the Civil War in the right century. Many of these kids think anything that happened before they were born is all ancient history, so World War II, The Civil War, the Revolutionary War, and the Roman Empire all happened sometime in the 1600s as far as they're concerned. I have great respect for teachers who try to make a connection and teach kids like this: I myself don't have the patience for it. I need a higher level of knowledge and effort for me to be able to teach. Elementary school teachers especially. God bless them. We need them, but I see teaching at that level like trying to hold 20 corks underwater all at the same time. No way I could do that. My "role model" for a teacher is closer to Mr. Hand (played by Ray Walston) on Fast Times at Ridgemont High. "What are you people, on dope?" Reply #250. Jun 01 18, 12:11 AM |
| LoveAnimals555
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I understand your every post, except this last one reply #250. And if I am not wrong these Barr bodies are found in neutrophils of only those people who have two X chromosomes? I will have a detail study on it as you prescribed after my last exam on 3rd, perhaps after few more days as I am finally getting a month gap after two year long study without any breaks! It took a lot of hard work in past 2 years. Reply #251. Jun 01 18, 9:48 AM |
| brm50diboll
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Perhaps the cultural references (Jaywalking on The Tonight Show and Mr. Hand in Fast Times at Ridgemont High) eluded you. I'm sorry. Those probably aren't too well known in India. But maybe you could look them up on YouTube. They are quite hilarious. Whenever I run across something I don't understand (which is almost every day), if it is intriguing to me (and, as I have said before, I try to learn new things every day, so many things (not just science) I am curious about), I will Google it just to see what it is about. And if whatever it is I am looking up has a video about it, I will also search it on YouTube. You are familiar with Khan Academy, aren't you, Elai? A very useful source of information. Reply #252. Jun 01 18, 10:37 AM |
| LoveAnimals555
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Khan academy?? Nope. I looked for it and now know what is it. Actually as I told you I have no such affection with science two years back. I started science 2 year back and finally fallen in love with science the last year. What I have learnt is basically from books and nature and my insane activities and observations. I look for those new things I see in nature, new plants, new physics or Chemistry phenomenon, about messed up chemistry reactions in lab. If I am confused about those new things or want to know about it, I search for it. But basically it is hard to find all those stuff you notice in real life. Well currently I am just planning to relax for June month. I had a lot of studies in past. I had lost my fitness, so just joined gym, 4 days ago. Well, it is amazing to talk to you here, it make me feel good. Do you remember me, once I had joined your team but left. That time I didn't realise that I would hAve a companion like you? Reply #253. Jun 01 18, 10:51 AM |
| LoveAnimals555
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Well I am curious to know about education system in your country! From where are you? Can you tell something about education system in your country? How education is in High school and beyond it? How exams are taken! Definitely, those students who have teacher like you must feel blessed! I hope if I ever had a teacher like you. I would definitely have long discussion with you on different topics! Reply #254. Jun 01 18, 10:54 AM |
| brm50diboll
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I am in rural Texas. The state of education here, quite frankly, is poor. Kids aren't in class enough, for one. The school year is too short (175 days) and extracurricular activities (especially sports) pull kids out of class constantly. This is devastating to science, in my opinion, because if a kid cannot attend a lab, it is virtually impossible to make that up. I had one student in my 8th period (last period) class in Chemistry that was in softball, track, and one-act play in the spring semester. For five consecutive weeks, she attended only one class period a week because she was pulled out for extracurricular activities. The theory is that sports improves attendance because it gives students an incentive to come to school. BS! We have sports in school to protect coaches' jobs. Whatever incentive there might once have been, in the US (and *especially* in Texas - home of Friday Night Lights), sports is a religion taking more seriously than real religions and even more seriously than liberals take Climate Change. Oh no! I've spoken blasphemy! I repent! Reply #255. Jun 01 18, 11:47 AM |
| brm50diboll
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A religion taken more seriously ( not "taking".) Reply #256. Jun 01 18, 11:49 AM |
| LoveAnimals555
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It is fine. By the way can you just tell me what math topic I should study first before starting with quantum mechanics. Actually it has been 2 years I had not studied math. I have interest in quantum mechanics. But I have to study it on my own through books, online videos and sites. I just want to know what math topics are quite essential for learning it. I hope if differentiation, integration, trigonometry, coordination geometry and complex numbers with a bit of algebra are sufficient for it??? Reply #257. Jun 01 18, 11:55 AM |
| brm50diboll
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Upper level physics courses definitely require calculus. At the "extremely prestigious" ( I am being deprecating here) university I attended, Texas A&M University, a student in a physics program would've required to take at least three semesters of calculus and one semester of differential equations. I was a chemistry major, not physics, but I took a Quantum Physics class as an elective and enjoyed it very much. I also took much more than the math courses listed above. Why? Because advanced math is fun! Reply #258. Jun 01 18, 12:02 PM |
| brm50diboll
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More annoying typos. Self-deprecating, not deprecating. Been required, not required. Reply #259. Jun 01 18, 12:05 PM |
| LoveAnimals555
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Thank you Brian! Reply #260. Jun 01 18, 12:28 PM |
526 replies. On page 13 of 27 pages. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27
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