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Interesting Questions, Facts and Information
- There are a total of 35 general entries. We are selecting 30 for display.
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 Interesting Questions, Facts, and Information
 Edward I
| What dramatic gesture did Edward I make when his queen, Eleanor of Castille, died in 1290? | Edward I
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A series of crosses were built from Lincoln to Westminster.. Eleanor died at Harby near Lincoln and the crosses were built on the places her funeral cortege rested as it was carried back to London. Edward remarried, taking Margaret of France as his bride and having two sons by her.
| Where did the English win their victory over Wallace even though half Edward's army were Welshmen who refused to fight? | Edward I
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Falkirk. Wallace organised his men as usual in strong defensive rings with a thicket of spears pointing at the English. However, the combination of successive attacks from both infantry and cavalry eventually led to an outflanking that caused the Scots to break. Wallace escaped but was later captured and then hanged, disembowelled, his innards burned and his body quartered.
| Who led the English forces that were defeated by Wallace at Stirling Bridge in September 1297? | Edward I
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Earl Warenne. Cressingham was killed at the battle and his skin was cut up to make mementoes for the victorious Scots. Earl Warenne was one of the men who had been encouraged to settle in Scotland by a huge grant of land from Edward.
A baron who was leader with Wallace in the Scottish rebellion.. Both Wallace and Moray led forces against the English and entered on to a campaign in which brutality and intolerance were the hallmarks of the behaviour of men on both sides. The slaughter of innocent women and children seemed to matter little to men who were hungry for power.
| In May 1291 Edward summoned the claimants to the Scottish throne to Norham in Northumberland. Which man did he eventually decide had the best claim? | Edward I
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John Balliol. In the early stages Edward backed John Balliol as king so long as he acknowledged Edward's overlordship and did homage to him. Later Robert Bruce, for a long time a supporter of Edward, began to fight for his claim again.
| Which measure taken by the King in 1290 was probably partly inspired by an action of his mother's some fifteen years earlier? | Edward I
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The expulsion of all Jews from England.. In 1275 Eleanor of Provence, the King's mother, ordered all Jews off her estates. Until 1290 the Jews had been a good source of money to the Crown for they were taxed both harshly and arbitrarily. Such was the intolerance of the time that Edward received an extra grant of taxation to compensate him for the loss of revenue from the Jews.
| Edward I was tall and strong and nicknamed "Longshanks" but historians record that he had one slight disability. What was it? | Edward I
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He spoke with a slight lisp.. Edward I is also known to have had a very explosive temper. There is a note in the records of how he paid for the repair of a gold ring given to his daughter. It seems it had to be fixed after he had thrown it on a fire in a fit of rage.
| What part did the Ricciardi play in Edward I's reign? | Edward I
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They were bankers who financed his wars.. The full name of this Italian banking company was Ricciardi of Lucca. They helped to finance Edward's war in Wales. Much later in his reign they were bankrupted when the French king decided to confiscate all their property.
| What service did Master James of St. George provide for Edward I? | Edward I
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He was the designer and builder of many castles.. Most of the castles built by Master James were in Wales. These include Rhuddlan Castle where there were two great twin-towered gates and a double line of defences. There was also a little fishpond with a fenced garden which was reserved for the Queen.
| What was the name of the Welsh prince who provided the main opposition to Edward I in Wales? | Edward I
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Llewellyn. All four names are from Welsh history but Owen Glendower pursued his claim to Wales during the reign of Henry IV many years later. Dafydd was Llewellyn's brother and Gruffudd was another Welsh leader. The Welsh often betrayed each other and their quarrels helped Edward's conquest of the country.
| Which famous leader of the baronial opposition had Edward had to fight against during Henry III's reign? | Edward I
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Simon de Montfort. Edward had for a time been under the influence of Simon de Montfort who was his uncle by marriage. Later he was one of de Montfort's most determined opponents. The Earl of Gloucester was the man who ultimately defeated de Montfort at the battle of Evesham in 1265.
| How old was Edward I when he became king of England? | Edward I
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thirty three. Already Edward was a man of some considerable achievement both in England and abroad. His striking personality and ruthless behaviour had succeeded in maintaining his father, Henry III, in power for many years.
| According to a legend, who was responsible for saving Edward I's life whilst he was on Crusade? | Edward I
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His wife is reported to have sucked poison from his wound.. There is a great deal of doubt about whether Eleanor of Castille really did suck the poison from his wound. Another story gives the credit to his friend Otto de Grandson. A third account says that this was actually done by surgeons. The wound was caused by a Moslem assassin.
| Where was Edward I when the news came that his father Henry III had died and that he was the new king of England? | Edward I
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Sicily. The year was 1272 and Edward was in Sicily. Surprisingly it took nearly two years for him to get back to England. He arrived in August 1274 and the coronation was soon afterwards.
| What was the name of Edward I's mother? | Edward I
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Eleanor of Provence. Eleanor of Castille was the name of his first wife and Margaret of France was the name of his second wife. Isabelle of France married his son Edward II.
| What was Edward's final request? | Edward I
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That his bones be boiled and carried in battle against the Scots.. Edward died while undertaking yet another campaign against the Scots. He wanted his bones to be carried in the campaign to inspire his troops. His request was not granted and he was returned to London and buried in Westminster Abbey.
| Edward used Parliament to an extent heretofore unknown. What were the significant legislative statute(s) of his reign? | Edward I
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all of these (Three Statutes of Westminster, The Statutes of Gloucester and Quo Warranto, Statute of Winchester). The Statutes of Westminster codified existing laws, and dealt with the alienation of property and subcontracting of property or services by tenants. The Statute of Gloucester and Quo Warranto defined and regulated feudal jurisdiction and attempted to create a uniform system of justice for all. The Statute of Winchester dealt with policing so as to maintain order.
| What was the purpose of the "Hundred Rolls"? | Edward I
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It revealed administrative abuses and defined royal rights.. Edward began his legislative programme by commissioning a thorough study of local government. This study was known as the "Hundred Rolls".
| Philip IV undertook a programme of harassment of Edward in his remaining French fief of Gascony. In 1295 Edward planned a campaign in order to regain Gascony, which had been confiscated by Philip. In order to raise money, what notable event occurred in England? | Edward I
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The most comprehensive Parliament to date was called.. The Parliament of 1295, called the Model Parliament, was the most comprehensive representative assembly called up to that time. It represented the barons, clergy, knights and townspeople. By the end of Edward's reign, Parliaments usually contained similar representation.
| Margaret, the Fair Maid of Norway, was the last direct descendant of Alexander III and was slated to marry Edward's heir. The death of the infant Margaret on her way from Norway to Scotland thwarted that plan and left Scotland with no direct heir. As a result, Edward was asked to choose between competing claims to the throne. How many claimants were there to the Scottish throne initially? | Edward I
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13. When Edward called the claimants before him in 1291 in Norham, he laid down conditions which would have seen them acknowledge him as supreme and direct lord of Scotland, with Scotland becoming a fief of England. The thirteen claimants then adjourned the meeting for a month seeking guidance. When the meeting reconvened, the number of claimants had been reduced to eight although only two had any real claim. The matter was adjudicated by 104 judges - 40 appointed by Balliol, 40 by Bruce and 24 by Edward. Deliberations were protracted and it was not until the next year in Berwick that the decision in favour of Balliol was announced. According to primogeniture, Balliol had the stronger claim, but he was the weaker individual and less likely to stand up against Edward.
| In 1278, Edward enacted a law, possibly at the instigation of his mother. What was the impact of that law? | Edward I
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It allowed Jews to be arrested on grounds of coin clipping.. The 1278 law resulted in the hanging of some 250 Jews. Eleanor of Provence, Edward's mother, was anti-Semitic and may have had an influence in this draconian legislation. Over 16,000 Jews were expelled from the kingdom in 1290 on the grounds of usury - forcing the king and court to look elsewhere for a source of borrowing.
| The cause of Edward's determination to conquer Wales, which resulted in the creation of his son as Prince of Wales, can be traced to the time of Edward I's coronation. When Wales's prince failed to attend to give fealty in Chester, Edward mounted a campaign against the Welsh. The result was the Treaty of Aberconwy in November 1277, which reduced the authority of the Welsh prince. Which prince led Wales at this time? | Edward I
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Llywelyn ap Gruffydd. Llywelyn ap Gruffydd married the daughter of Simon de Montfort. Edward, after defeating Simon at Evesham detained his daughter Eleanor as hostage for Llwelyn's good behavior, but the marriage was permitted in 1278. Eleanor died giving birth to a daughter in 1282. Dafydd ap Gruffydd was Llywelyn's brother who shared power with him. Unfortunately his rash acts led to additional punitive actions on the part of Edward, resulting in the death of Llywelyn in 1282. Although Daffydd proclaimed himself prince, the war ended four months later and Daffydd was executed as a traitor. Owain Goch ap Gruffydd was another brother of Llywelyn, and he ruled Wales jointly with Llywelyn until Owain's death in 1282. Owain Glendower lived much later.
| The story of William Wallace was depicted in the Mel Gibson movie "Braveheart". In that movie, it suggested that Edward III was really the result of an sexual relationship between Edward I and his daughter-in-law Isabella of France. Is there any possibility of this being fact? | Edward I
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No. "Braveheart" was a movie whose historical advisor deserves the punishment meted out to Wallace. Wallace was executed in 1305. Edward's son did not marry until 1308 (when Isabel was 16) and Edward III was not born until 1312. Obviously attribution of the paternity of Edward III to Edward I was absurd. Edward I, too, unlike many of his predecessors and successors, was a family man.
| William Wallace was one of the leaders of the Scots against Edward I. What became of Wallace? | Edward I
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He was executed as a traitor.. Although legend has it that Wallace and his followers acted alone, in fact he was only one of a group of leaders of the movement. Legend also has it that he specialized in guerrilla tactics. In fact, he preferred the set battle strategy. Captured in 1305, as an outlaw he was condemned without trial. Although he had never sworn fealty to Edward I, he was condemned as a traitor. He was crowned with a laurel wreath, dragged through the streets on a hurdle, hanged, disemboweled and castrated then beheaded and his body quartered.
| According to legend, after being subjugated by Edward I, the Welsh requested a prince who spoke neither English nor French; Edward presented his newborn son, Edward of Caernarvon. If this legend is correct, at the time of his presentation to the Welsh as their prince, Edward of Caernarvon was not the heir to the English throne since he was the younger surviving son of Edward I. Who was the heir? | Edward I
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Alfonso. Edward of Caernarvon, later Edward II, was the fourth son of Edward I and his queen Eleanor of Castile; his three older brothers, John, Henry and Alfonso, died in childhood. Alfonso, the heir at the time, died four months after the birth of Edward of Caernavon. Edmund was Edward II's younger half-brother, his mother being Margaret of France, Edward I's second wife.
| In the struggle betweem Simon de Montfort and King Henry III, what was Edward's position? | Edward I
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He originally supported Simon but supported his father in the following conflict.. Initially Edward supported the position of Simon in producing the Provisions of Westminster in 1259 (when Edward was 20). In this he echoed the position of his uncle Richard of Cornwall. Like his uncle he supported Henry III when conflict broke out in 1264. Edward, Henry III and Richard of Cornwall were captured at the battle but Edward succeeded in escaping in 1265 and led the royalist forces in defeating Simon de Montfort at the battle of Evesham.
| Where was Edward when he was advised that his father had died and he was King of England? | Edward I
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On crusade. Edward embarked upon the seventh crusade in 1270 and was successful in relieving Acre and won a victory at Haifa. According to legend, at Haifa he was wounded by a poisoned dagger and his wife saved his life by sucking the poison from the wound. His colleague, Louis IX, died on this crusade.
| In an effort to reform the administration of justice, local dignitaries were appointed to assist. By what name were these officials known? | Edward I
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Conservators of the Peace. The Conservators of the Peace were the forerunners of the present Justices of the Peace.
| How many children did Edward have? | Edward I
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20. The exact number of children Edward had by his first wife is not entirely clear - according to some historians 17 but others say 15. What is clear is that only five survived into their teens. Edward and his second wife had three children, two of whom survived early childhood. The death rate of Edward's children illustrates the drastic infant mortality rate of the time - even among the wealthier classes who could afford the best of care.
| After being a widower for nine years, Edward remarried. Who was his second wife? | Edward I
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Margaret Capet, daughter of Philip III of France. Margaret Capet was the grand-daughter of Louis IX and was the grand-niece of Edward I, since her grandmother was the sister of Edward I's mother. Margaret, Duchess of Brabant, was their daughter. Margaret Tudor, daughter of Henry VII was not born until 1489 and was the wife of James IV of Scotland. Margaret of Anjou was the wife of Henry VI.
Eleanor of Castile. Eleanor of Castile was the daughter of Ferdinand III of Castile. She was beloved of both Edward and England. Upon her death, a series of Eleanor crosses dotted the countryside, placed at locations her coffin rested on its way to burial in Westminster Abbey. Eleanor of Provence was Edward's mother. Eleanor of Aquitaine was his great-grandmother. Eleanor of Brittany, sister of Arthur of Brittany, never married and was kept in confinement at Corfe castle due to the fact that her claim to the throne was superior (according to primogeniture) to that of John.
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