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Which of these were early slave soldiers?

Mamelukes. Mamelukes were usually slaves from Africa that were brought over to the army to serve as soldiers for the Caliph. The Mamelukes began to become so powerful they even created a Caliphate for themselves.

What is the term for "warrior of Islam"?

Ghazi. Ghazi has two meanings, one that they are soldiers of Islam, and the elite at that. The second meaning is anyone who was present at a battle that Muhammad fought at.

What was the curved sword developed by the Ottomans?

Kilij. The Kilij was a revolutionary weapon for the Ottomans because it is perfect for the conditions in which they were fighting. Because of its curved shape it is a perfect slashing weapon, especially in the stomach area. It is also extremely effective against chainmail. Finally it is a great weapon on horseback and on ships. Overall, this weapon is one you would enjoy having in your arsenal.

Who was the caliph during the Abbasid Caliphates Golden Prime?

Harun al-Rashid. The Golden Prime was a time of the greatest prosperity the Islamic World has ever seen. It affected many parts of the world not just in the Middle East but also in Europe, Asia, and Africa. In Europe the Renaissance would have never happened, or only much later, without the help of the Islamic World. It also greatly stimulated Africa and Asia. At the head of all this was Harun al-Rashid.

Who were the original Arab people of the Arabian peninsula?

Bedouins. The Bedouins were a nomadic people living in the Arabian Peninsula before and after the Islamic movement. They were the first to convert to Islam and were prized warriors in the Middle East.

What was the title of the leader of the Sassanids?

Abbas. Abbas is basically the same as a Caliph or Sultan. The only difference is that it is just for Sassanid Persia.

Which mathematician who is famous for making great advances in algebra?

Al-Khwarizami. Al-Khwarizami was a brilliant man who made great advances in Algebra, Astronomy, Arithmetic, Geography, and in the Jewish Calendar. He was one of the most intelligent men of his age land possibly of all time.

Which Muslim philosopher greatly influenced Thomas More's ideas on theology?

Ibn Rushd. Ibn Rushd (or Averroes in the West) was one of the most intelligent men of the age. He was a great Philosopher, Lawyer, Geographer, Psychologist, Politician, wrote books on logic, musical theory, physics and astronomy. He influenced the world significantly.

What is the name for the "callers to prayer"?

Muezzins & Muadhdhins & Muazzins &Muezzin. Muezzins stand on the pillars of a mosque and call all of the Muslims in that area to pray. They will do this five times a day for every prayer time.

Which of these means "to have submitted"?

Muslim. Islam means "to submit" and logically the word Muslim means "to have submitted".