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Interesting Questions, Facts and Information
- There are a total of 35 general entries. We are selecting 30 for display.
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 Interesting Questions, Facts, and Information
 Hungary
Saint Stephen. After his death, he became the only person who had been sainted by both Roman Catholics and Orthodox Christians.
| What natural resource was Hungary the primary producer of in Europe during the medieval age? | 1000 Years of Hungary
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Gold. The Carpathian mountains were the primary source of gold for Europe, but they were depleted by the late 14th century.
| This great general's victories are credited with holding up Ottoman expansion into Europe for almost a century. Who was it? | 1000 Years of Hungary
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Janos Hunyadi. After his victory at Nandorfehervar (today's Belgrade) in 1456, he earned the admiration of both the Ottomans and Catholic Europe. The Pope ordered that all bells be tolled every day at noon to remember those who died fighting the Ottomans at Belgrade.
| The Hungarian Revolution was one of the many revolutions in 1848, but it held out for the longest time. When was it defeated? | 1000 Years of Hungary
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1849. It was defeated by the joint attack of Austrian and Russian armies, their last cooperation under the Holy Alliance.
| In 1867, Austria-Hungary was created. It became one of the great powers of Europe. What is the German expression for their agreement? | 1000 Years of Hungary
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| In this year, the Hungarian revolt against the Communists catapulted the country into the center of the Cold War. In the same year, Time magazine voted the 'Hungarian Revolutionary' Man of the Year. Which year was this? | 1000 Years of Hungary
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1956. The Communists and their local lackeys killed approximately 2,000 people, mostly students and factory workers. More than 200,000 people fled the country after the failure of the uprising.
1948. Unlike in Poland, the Communists showed initial restraint in talking total control of the government. In September 1945, the Hungarian Roman Catholic Primate condemned Marxism without consequence. The first President of the new republic was Zoltan Tildy, a member of the Smallholders' Party. And the Ministry of the Interior which exercised control over the state police apparatus was not placed initially in the hands of a Communist. Not until the peace treaty with the Allies was signed in February of 1947 did the Communist begin to tighten their control. In 1948, the crackdown was complete.
| He was a leading Hungarian "underground" Communist during World War II. As Interior Minister, he presided over the destruction of the Smallholders' Party and the absorption of the Social Democrats by the Hungarian Communist Party. Despite being an ardent Stalinist, he was hung on October 15, 1949 for treason. Who was he? | Hungary under Communist Rule
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Laszlo Rajk. Laszlo Rajk was arrested for being part of an alleged 'fascist-imperialist' syndicate in late August of 1948. However, Rajk was an ardent Stalinist who became a vicitm of the internal purges of the Eastern European Communist parties which began in 1947 and continued through the early 1950s. If Rajk was guilty of anything, it was being overzealous. Between 1945 and 1947, Stalin was trying to stretch out the coalition phases so as not to further upset Great Britain and the United States. The other answers are all names of the individuals who were responsible for Rajk elimination. Rajk was rehabilitated posthumously in March of 1956.
| On October 23, 1956, a demonstration by Budapest students erupted into full-scale revolution. Why were the students demonstrating? | Hungary under Communist Rule
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To show support for the political revolution taking place in Poland and to urge its emulation by Hungary.. The students were trying to show their solidarity with Poland which was fighting for similar liberalizations; other demands included the restoration of Imre Nagy to power, and a re-evaluation of Hungarian-Soviet relations.
Erno Gero. Erno Gero had just recently replaced Matyas Rakosi as the First Secretary of the Hungarian Communist party. Gero did concede to the students that Imre Nagy might again become Premier. However, he was shortly thereafter replaced as the party chief by the Soviet Union in favor of Janos Kadar. Milovan Dijilas was an early contemporary of Tito's in Yugoslavia.
Imre Nagy. Nagy sided with the revolutionaries. He repudiated Gero's request for military intervention by the Soviet Union; he re-established the multiparty government coalition of 1945; he withdrew Hungary from the Warsaw Pact and he requested United Nations protection.
| What other international political crisis coincided with the Hungarian Revolution and was deemed by the United States to be of more strategic significance at the time? | Hungary under Communist Rule
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Suez Crisis. The Suez crisis which threatened to jeopardize American access to the Suez Canal took precedence over the Hungarian Revolution for American policy makers. Realizing that there was little that the United Nations could do given the Soviet Union's permanent seat on the Security Council, the Americans declined to provide substantial aid to the Hungarians. The revolution was crushed by Soviet troops in approximately two weeks.
Yuri Andropov. Yuri Andropov was the Soviet ambassador who helped facilitate the Soviet military intervention in Hungary. He provided false reassurances to Hungarian officials while the Soviets amassed fresh troops along the Hungarian borders. He later became head of the KGB and much later succeeded Brezhnev as head of the Soviet Government.
An Economic Reform Program. The NEM, or New Economic Mechanism, was an economic reform program innitiated by the Hungarian government in January of 1968. It allowed for the more efficient distribution of goods, offered incentives/rewards to workers meeting production levels, and allowed for the existence of certain private enterprises such as restaurants, and car repair shops. Although not successful by Western standards, the NEM did allow Hungarians to achieve more economic growth than most Eastern European countries during the Communist era.
Karoly Grosz. Grosz presided over the end of Communism in Hungary.
Jozsef Antall. Jozsef Antall was a member of the Democratic Forum and elected the first prime minister of post-Communist Hungary.
| Who was director of the CIA who believed that Americans should provide active military support for the Hungarian revolutionaries in 1956? | Hungary under Communist Rule
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Allen Dulles. Allen Dulles wanted the United States to send troops to Hungary. But he was vetoed by Eisenhower and his brother, John Foster Dulles, the U.S. Secretary of State.
| At the Battle of Lechfeld (Aug 9, 955 AD) the Magyars were defeated by the Saxons and forced to finally settle in Pannonia (modern Hungary). Which king of the Saxons ended the Magyar threat to Central Europe? | Mighty Monarchs VIII (Hungary)
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Otto I. The Magyars had originally been summoned into Central Europe (c. 894 AD) as allies of the Byzantine Empire in their war against the Bulgars. They migrated westward into Pannonia after being quickly defeated by the Bulgars. Between c. 900-955 AD they would periodically launch raids into central Europe and even into France. Otto I, King of the Saxons (936-973 AD), was eventually crowned Holy Roman Emperor (Feb 2, 962 AD) by Pope John XII. He was later remembered as Otto 'the Great.'
| The Kingdom of Hungary was created when this duke was crowned king by Pope Sylvester II (Aug 15, 1000 AD). He established the Arpad dynasty which held the throne till 1301 AD. Which individual was it? | Mighty Monarchs VIII (Hungary)
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Stephen I. Stephen I, the Saint (r. 997-1038 AD), had succedded his father, Geza (r. 972-997 AD) as duke in 997 AD. He received his crown from the pope for his efforts to convert his pagan subjects to Christianity. He was also bestowed the title of the 'Apostolic King.'
| Andrew II, King of Hungary, was one of the few Christian monarchs to answer the call of Pope Honorius III for a new crusade in 1216 AD. Which Crusade did he participate in? | Mighty Monarchs VIII (Hungary)
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Fifth. Andrew II (r. 1205-1235 AD) departed for the Holy Land in 1217 AD only to return home in 1218 AD before the major events of the Fifth Crusade (1217-1221 AD) unfolded.
| In Feb 1241 AD the Mongols of the Golden Horde descended into the Kingdom of Hungary after devastating Poland. Batu, the grandson of Genghis Khan, led the Mongols and defeated the Hungarian king at the Battle of the Mohi Bridge (on the Sajo River) (Apr 11, 1241 AD). Which king was it? | Mighty Monarchs VIII (Hungary)
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Bela IV. Batu soon abandoned the campaign when the news of the death of the Great Khan Ogodai (or Ogedei, his uncle) reached him. He personally returned to Karakorum (Qaraqorum), capital of the Mongol Empire, to participate in the struggle over the succession. Bela IV (r. 1235-1270 AD), shortly before his death, secured peace with Ottokar II, the Great, King of Bohemia, by having his granddaughter, Kunhata, marry the Bohemian king. He was succeeded by his son, Stephen V (r. 1270-1272 AD)
| After the death of Andrew III in 1301 AD the Kingdom of Hungary was plunged into a civil war. Wenceslaus, King of Bohemia and King of Poland, briefly assumed the throne. The stuggle over the throne continued after his death and did not end till this individual was crowned in 1308 AD. Which individual was it? | Mighty Monarchs VIII (Hungary)
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Charles I. Andrew III (r. 1290-1301 AD) was the last of the Arpad dynasty. Wenceslaus (Premyslid dynasty) was already king of Bohemia (since 1278 AD) and king of Poland (since 1300 AD) before assuming the throne of Hungary (r. 1301-1305 AD). He was the father-in-law of Elizabeth, daughter of Andrew III. Charles I (r. 1308-1342 AD) was from the Angevin dynasty of Naples and claimed the throne through the earlier dynastic marriage (c. 1268 AD) between the grandchildren of Bela IV (Arpad dynasty) and the children of Charles I (Angevin dynasty), King of Sicily. Otto of Bavaria briefly reigned during the civil war (1305-1307 AD).
| The so-called 'Crusade' of Nicopolis (1396 AD) was proclaimed by Pope Boniface IX and would be the last great international movement in Christendom to try and stem the advance of the Ottoman Turks into central Europe and the Balkans. The 'Crusaders' were led by this king of Hungary (and future Holy Roman Emperor). Which individual was it? | Mighty Monarchs VIII (Hungary)
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Sigismund. Sigismund (r. 1387-1437 AD) was elected Holy Roman Emperor in 1410 AD and assumed the throne of Bohemia in 1419 AD. The 'Crusade' of Nicopolis was the first major encounter between western Europeans and the Ottomans and ended in the crushing defeat of the Christians at the hands of Bayazid I, the Thunderbolt, Sultan of the Ottoman Empire, at the Battle of Nicopolis (Sep 25, 1396 AD). Sigismund barely escaped with his life. He is famous for convening the 17th Ecumenical Council (of Constance) (Nov 1414-Apr 1418 AD) to finally settle the Great Schism of the Catholic Church (began in 1378 AD). He is also famous (or infamous) for the burning of the Bohemian heretic John Hus (Jul 6, 1415 AD).
| At the Battle of Varna (Nov 10, 1444 AD) Ladislaus III, King of Hungary and King of Poland, was defeated and killed by the Ottoman Turks (led by Sultan Murad II). This famous Hungarian noble from Transylvania accompanied the king on campaign but managed to escape the disaster at Varna to continue the struggle with the Turks. His son would even become king of Hungary in 1458 AD. Which individual was it? | Mighty Monarchs VIII (Hungary)
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John Hunyadi. Ladislaus III (Jagiellonian dynasty) was already king of Poland (since 1434 AD) before assuming the throne of Hungary (r. 1440-1444 AD). John Hunyadi's son, Matthias Corvinus, would become king of Hungary in 1458 AD. Vlad II, Dracul (the Dragon), Prince of Wallachia, was a member of the Order of the Dragon established by Sigismund in 1408 AD. His son, Vlad III, Tepes (the Impaler) is more commonly referred to as Dracula - son of the Dragon. Scanderbeg ('prince Alexander') was the name given to George Castriotes by the Turks for his military prowess and leadership in defending Albania. After his death (1467 AD) Albanian resistance soon collapsed.
| Between 1301-1458 AD the Kingdom of Hungary was ruled by kings of various foreign extractions (Polish, German, Bohemian, and Neopolitan). In 1458 AD this Hungarian assumed the throne and brought the kingdom to its height of power and prestige. Who was it? | Mighty Monarchs VIII (Hungary)
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Matthias I Corvinus. Matthias I Corvinus (r. 1458-1490 AD) was famous throughtout Europe for the high culture of his court. During his reign he successfully held the Ottoman Turks at bay and consolidated royal power over his unruly nobles. Corvinus means 'the Raven' (from his coat of arms). Unfortunately he would turn out to be the last Hungarian king of Hungary. After his death the throne passed to two Polish kings (1490-1526 AD) and then the Hungarian crown became the hereditary possession of the Austrian Hapsburg dynasty (1526-1918 AD).
| At the Battle of Mohacs (Aug 29, 1526 AD) Louis II, King of Hungary and King of Bohemia, was defeated and killed by the Ottoman Turks under the command of the Sultan himself. Which Ottoman Sultan was it? | Mighty Monarchs VIII (Hungary)
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Suleiman I, the Magnificent. Louis II was king of both Hungary and Bohemia (r. 1516-1526 AD) but was a member of the Polish Jagiellonian dynasty. Suleiman added large portions of the Hungarian kingdom to the Ottoman Empire and in 1529 AD even threatened Vienna, capital of the Austrian Hapsburg dynasty.
| In 1526 AD the Austrian Hapsburg dynasty assumed the throne of Hungary which it held til 1918 AD. The first Hapsburg king was the brother of the Holy Roman emperor, Charles V. Which individual was it? | Mighty Monarchs VIII (Hungary)
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Ferdinand I. Ferdinand I (r. 1526-1564 AD) was already Archduke of Austria (since 1522 AD) when he assumed the throne of Hungary. In 1515 AD he had married Anna, sister of Louis II. During Hapsurg rule the threat of the Ottoman Turks was eventually ended. The Hungarians would always resent the rule of their foreign kings. They rose in an unsuccessful revolt in 1848 AD. The Hapsburgs eventually turned to their Hungarian subjects for support after their defeat by the Prussians (Seven Weeks' War 1866 AD). In 1867 AD the Austro-Hungarian Empire was declared giving the Hungarians equal status within the Austrian Empire. The Empire disintegrated as a result of World War I (1914-1918 AD).
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