Psychology Trivia

1. Who came up with the 'Multi-Store Model of Memory'?

From Quiz Memory

Answer: Atkinson and Shriffin

Atkinson and Shriffin developed this model, describing memory as a fixed, linear process of stores - from our sensory memory, to our short-term memory, to our long-term memory.

From Quiz Does the Name Pavlov Ring a Bell?

Answer: Dogs

Pavlov noticed that dogs started to salivate when there was a stimulus that they associated with food. In the most famous experiment, Pavlov struck a bell when the dogs were given their food. After a few repetitions, the dogs began to associate the sound of the bell with being given their food. The dogs would then start to salivate just on hearing the sound of the bell.

From Quiz Psychology Definitions

Answer: transference

Another example of transference would be a wife feeling hatred towards the psychoanalyst when in reality her hatred is for her husband.

From Quiz Logotherapy of Viktor Frankl

Answer: 1920s

Frankl, born in 1905 started formulating his theory from a very young age. He had already written many articles in the 1920s and 1930s and then a full, book-length, manuscript by 1941 but that manuscript was confiscated by the Nazis upon his being taken to a concentration camp. After he left Adler's academy in 1927, his work on logotherapy proceeded in earnest, developing methods to go along with the theory.

From Quiz Remember the Time

Answer: Imagination inflation

Studies have also found that imagining events can increase the effects of suggestion in creating false childhood memories. Researchers think that when people are deciding whether a mental event represents a real memory or not, they may rely on cues, such as how much sensory and contextual information the mental event contains. Vividly imaging an event can simulate sensory and contextual cues that may lead to confusion about whether what is imagined actually happened, fostering false memories. Other studies have found that showing people doctored photos of supposed past events that did not actually happen can induce at least some people to report that they remember the event. For example, in one study, people who were shown a doctored photo of President Obama shaking hands with the Iranian President (which did not actually happen) with an accompanying bogus news story later claimed that they had previously seen this photo on the news. These are all examples of what memory researchers call source monitoring errors, i.e., when a person becomes confused about where they acquired particular information and attribute it to their own personal experience.

From Quiz Depression, Anxiety and Metacognitive Therapy

Answer: Adrian Wells

Dissatisfied with psychoanalysis, Aaron Beck from Philadelphia pioneered cognitive therapy for the treatment of depression in the 1960s. Isaac Marks was an important British behavioral therapist. Max Hamilton was a British psychiatrist who created two popular rating scales for depression and anxiety. At the time of writing, Adrian Wells is Professor of Clinical and Experimental Psychopathology at the University of Manchester. In 2009 he published a seminal book titled 'Metacognitive Therapy for Anxiety and Depression'.

From Quiz Memory

Answer: 5 to 9 items

Miller suggested that short-term memory could hold 9 items (or seven plus or minus two), suggesting that if chunking were used, these items could be words, and not just letters. Chunking is a strategy to help improve the capacity of short-term memory by grouping singular letters or numbers. For example 1234567890 could become 12 34 56 78 90.

From Quiz Psychoanalyze This!

Answer: Generalized Anxiety Disorder

Piglet often experiences near panic attacks when he leaves his house. His inability to enjoy the outside world points to a generalized anxiety disorder that encompasses many factors.

From Quiz Psychology Definitions

Answer: social facilitation

When in front of other people, we want to show off what we know! However, an improved performance will likely not occur with tasks that are very difficult and not yet mastered. We are likely to mess up even more on these tasks when in front of others.

From Quiz Remember the Time

Answer: Memory conformity

Information that a person is exposed to after an event that they have personally witnessed, even if it is inaccurate, can influence how the person subsequently remembers the event. Specifically, discussing the event with a co-witness can affect what an eyewitness subsequently remembers, and may even lead them to report things that did not actually happen. Research has found that some individuals are more inclined to accept misinformation than others.

From Quiz Depression, Anxiety and Metacognitive Therapy

Answer: Rumination

An obsession is a distressing, unwanted and repetitious idea, impulse or image originating in the person's own mind. For example, an excessive concern about contamination with germs. Compulsions are repetitious behaviors that occur in response to obsessions and are meant to protect the person with the obsessions or other people. For example, repeated hand washing to ward off contamination. In the framework of metacognitive therapy, rumination can be seen as persistent negative inner speech uselessly focused on past events that cannot be undone. Rumination is most likely to occur in depressed people who often reduce their level of activity, which in turn gives them more time to ruminate. Rumination can be perceived as uncontrollable. If persistent, it can prolong and worsen the emotional distress of depressed people.

From Quiz Memory

Answer: It acts as an 'allocator of resources' and deals with the problem-solving and reasoning tasks

Baddeley and Hitch created this model on the principle that the short-term memory can be split up into components that work simultaneously. The Central Executive sends information to other components in this model, and is key to this model. This model conflicts with Atkinson and Shriffin's Multi-Store Model, which suggests that the memory is split into compartments that work separately.

From Quiz Psychoanalyze This!

Answer: Chronic Dysthymia

There are many different levels of depression. Long-term mild depression is known as Chronic Dysthymia, and is best treated with anti-depressants and talk therapy.

From Quiz Psychology Definitions

Answer: client-centered therapy

This is a humanistic therapy in which the therapist is supposed to be totally genuine and accepting of the client. It is also known as as Person-Centered Therapy.

From Quiz Logotherapy of Viktor Frankl

Answer: Greek

The term 'logotherapy' is one that Frankl built from the ancient Greek. Logos = meaning. Therapy = healing So, logotherapy would mean 'healing through meaning'. (I didn't argue with his knowledge of Ancient Greek.)

From Quiz Think About Thinking

Answer: birth

According to David Whitebread (2007) in his PhD on the subject in England, research shows that children develop metacognition skills from birth. This is enhanced by communication, especially with open-ended questions that encourage a child to think about things more. Also, discussing feelings is a good thing so that a child can learn to recognize how they are feeling at any given time.

From Quiz Remember the Time

Answer: Anterograde amnesia

In this film, the protagonist developed anterograde amnesia as a result of a severe head injury he received while being attacked by two men. To cope with his condition, he uses tactics like leaving himself notes and polaroid photos about things he needs to remember later and even has tattoos to permanently store certain pieces of vital information. People with this condition can maintain information in short-term memory for short periods lasting from 30 seconds to several minutes but cannot consolidate this information into permanent long-term memories.

From Quiz Depression, Anxiety and Metacognitive Therapy

Answer: Worry

Filtering, jumping to conclusions and catastrophizing are types of depressive cognitive distortions that are addressed in cognitive therapy and not in metacognitive therapy. In the framework of metacognitive therapy, worry can be seen as persistent negative inner speech consisting of trains of thoughts and questions about possible future threats. Worry can be perceived as uncontrollable and it can have untoward effects on concentration and sleep. If persistent, it can prolong and worsen the emotional distress of anxious people.

From Quiz Memory

Answer: Episodic Buffer

The Episodic Buffer is a general store that holds information that does not fit into the other components, and holds extra space for both visual and acoustic information. This store was added after the Working Memory Model was first suggested by Baddeley.

From Quiz Psychoanalyze This!

Answer: Dyslexia

There are many forms of dyslexia. According to recent research, it affects between 5 and 17 percent of the population. Just because someone has dyslexia does not mean they are unable to learn - it is rumored that Einstein was dyslexic.

From Quiz Logotherapy of Viktor Frankl

Answer: Man's Search for Meaning

This book was originally written by him anonymously in 1947 under a different title - 'Existential Psychology in the Concentration Camps'. It is an autobiographical account of his life prior to and during his experiences as a prisoner in four different camps. He includes also a primer on logotherapy. He was later convinced by friends to publish his own name which gave the book even more prominence. "The Choice", by Dr. Edith Eger, and "Night", by Elie Wiesel are also autobiographical accounts of the Holocaust. "Faith After the Holocaust" was written by Eliezer Berkowitz about theological questions after the Holocaust.

From Quiz Remember the Time

Answer: Hippocampus

In a famous medical case in 1953, a patient known as "HM" had his hippocampus surgically removed to control severe epileptic seizures. The operation was partially successful in terms of his epilepsy but had the unfortunate side-effect of leaving him unable to permanently form new episodic memories. For example, he was permanently unable to recognise or recall the names of staff members in the hospital he resided in, even after interacting with them daily for many years. Other cases since then have confirmed that accidental or surgical damage to the hippocampus has this detrimental effect on memory.

From Quiz Memory

Answer: The stronger the word, the more influence it had on eyewitnesses' perception

Loftus and Palmer suggested that the stronger the word used by police, the more dramatically the event would be remembered. Because the police need to know exactly what happened during a crime, even the words that they use to ask questions to eyewitnesses could affect what they say they saw, leading to misleading information. In a study, they asked participants to view a clip of a car accident. They split them into two groups. Group 1 was asked how fast were the cars going when they smashed into each other. Group 2 was asked how fast were the cars going when they hit each other. A week later, the participants were asked if there was any glass. They found that the word 'smashed' had a bigger impact on the participants' perceptions, and participants who heard that word were more likely to say there was glass because it is a stronger word. However, the word 'hit' had less of an impact on perceptions and that group was less likely to say there were broken glass.

From Quiz Think About Thinking

Answer: Identifying what you know

You need to know what you know before thinking about what you know. To do this, write two lists, "What I know about (topic)" and "what I want to learn about (topic)."

From Quiz When Your World Goes Dark... Then What?

Answer: NDE happen at the same rate to every group

Amazingly, after collecting thousands of experiences, Dr. Greyson writes that all groups of people have an equal likelihood to have a near-death experience. Interestingly, the person who judges they were not doing as well as they should in life are usually the ones who completely change their life to focus on doing better. Almost all believe the experience was very real and take it as a sign of how they should live the rest of their lives. Greyson, B (2014) "chapter 12: "Near-Death Experiences. Cardenza, E. et. Al. "Varieties of Anomalous Experience: examining the scientific evidence." Pp 333-367.

From Quiz Depression, Anxiety and Metacognitive Therapy

Answer: Attention training technique

Attention training is a technique developed by Professor Adrian Wells. This technique aims at weakening the cognitive attentional syndrome and enhancing awareness of attention control. The duration of the technique is about twelve minutes. The person focuses actively on diverse sounds in various locations while simultaneously attempting to decrease distraction and preserve selectivity. In addition to attention training, to further weaken the cognitive attentional syndrome the patient learns novel approaches in relating to negative thoughts and beliefs and is helped to gradually give up metacognitive beliefs that generate disadvantageous ways of thinking. Balanced thought is the goal of completing thought records, typically used in cognitive therapy for depression and anxiety. Autogenic training is a relaxation technique developed by the German psychiatrist Schultz. Relaxation breathing is a type of calming breathing.

From Quiz Memory

Answer: The Weapon Focus Effect

Loftus (1979) asked participants to wait outside a laboratory, where they overheard what they believed to be a real incident. Half of the participants heard a friendly argument and saw a man come out with a greasy hand holding a pen. The other half heard a hostile argument and the sound of furniture breaking. They then saw a man come out with a bloody hand carrying a knife. Participants were asked to identify the man out of 50 photos. They found that those who overheard the more peaceful argument had better accuracy than those who heard the hostile argument. Loftus believed it was because the anxiety of seeing a weapon (i.e. the bloody knife) narrowed the focus of the participants and took the attention away from the face.

From Quiz Psychoanalyze This!

Answer: Major Depressive Disorder

Tigger is very rarely in a 'low' mood. He is always bouncing around and seems to love life, almost too much. If he were to have low days, he might be considered Bipolar, but the majority of his experiences are seen through heightened awareness, which means he is probably not suffering from Major Depressive Disorder.

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