Ottoman Empire

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1. Occupied by British from India 1839, gradual extension of British control. Aden Hejaz Nejd Muscat and Oman

2. Ottoman province with local ruling groups in 18th century. Local dynasty (Mohamed Ali) from 1805, under Ottoman sovereignty. British occupation 1882. Declared British Protectorate 1914. Saudi-Arabia Egypt Yemen Transjordan

3. Part of Ottoman province of Damascus. Princedom from 1921 (Hashemite family). Syria Egypt Lebanon Transjordan

4. Local ruler Ibn Saud, holding Wahabi version of Islam, controlled one part of this territory (from 1921), the other part was controlled by the Sharifs of Mecca 1916-24. Along with Hasa and Asir these former sheikhdoms constitute the state today known as Saudi Arabia Nejd and Hejaz Kars and Ardahan Muscat and Oman Trucial States

5. Independent kingdom under Kajar dynasty 1794-1925. British and Russian influence, culminating in agreement on spheres of influence 1907. Armenia Azerbaijan Georgia Iran

6. Ottoman provinces, unified in 1921 as kingdom (Hashemite family) under British occupation, then mandate. Transjordan Syria Palestine Iraq

7. Ottoman provinces. A short independence under prince of Hashemite family 1918-20. French occupation 1920, then mandate. Iraq Transjordan Lebanon Syria

8. Sheikhdom. British protectorate formalised 1916 after agreement with Sheikh Abdullah al-Thani. Capital is in Arabic called Ad Dawhah. Bahrain Qatar Kuwait Trucial Oman

9. Independent sheikhdom (Al Khalifa family) since 1861. Comprises a group of islands in the Persian Gulf. Qatar Bahrain Muscat and Oman Trucial Oman

10. Autonomous sheikhdom (Al Sabah family). British protection formalised 1899. Oil discovered 1938. Bahrain Kuwait Qatar Iraq

11. The local rulers of this country hold a Zaidi version of Islam. The North of the country became independent 1918 under Imam Yahya from the Hamid-al-Din family. The Southern parts were under British control until 1967. Yemen Nejd and Hejaz Muscat and Oman Saudi Arabia

12. Persian region. Russian occupation completed by 1859. Became autonomous republic 1921. Today a republic within the Russian federation. Capital: Makhachkala. Chechnya Dagestan Ingushetia North Ossetia

13. Western part of the country fell to Turkey and Eastern part to Persia (Iran) in 1555. Russian dominance after 1783. Incorporated in Russia 1801. First Russo-Iranian war fought largely over this country. Armenia Turkistan Azerbaijan Georgia

14. Ottoman until 1878. Russian from 1878. In Armenian republic 1918-20. Re-occupied by Turkey 1920. Nagorno-Karabakh Mingrelia Kars and Ardahan Kurdistan

15. Ottoman province. Russian from 1812. Southern part ceded by Russia to Romania 1856. Taken back by Russia 1878, taken again by Romania 1918. Main city in Romanian called Chisinau, in Russian Kishinev is today capital of an independent state. Dobrudja East Rumelia Bessarabia Bulgaria

16. Ottoman province. Special administration under control of European powers 1903. Incorporated in Greece 1913. East Rumelia Crete Macedonia Dodecanese Islands

17. Ottoman province. Independent princedom 1912. Occupied by Italy 1914-20. Declared itself a republic 1925. Kingdom 1928. Montenegro Bosnia and Herzegovina Croatia Albania

18. Austrian administration from 1878, annexation 1908. Montenegro Bosnia and Herzegovina Croatia Serbia

19. Independent sultanate. Divided into French and Spanish protectorates after 1912. The sultan was reduced to a puppet ruler. Algeria Libya Tunisia Morocco

20. Ottoman province. British occupation 1878. Formally annexed by Britain 1914. Made crown colony 1925. Cyprus Qatar Bahrain Kuwait