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| 1.
How is the imaginary unit, i, defined? |
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| 2.
Back in your school days, you were taught how to plot numbers on a number-line, even the more offbeat ones like -59/3 and the square root of two. Where on the real number line should i be plotted? |
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3.
Let's examine the first few whole-number powers of i:
i^0 = 1; The zeroth power of any number other than zero is one.
i^1 = i; Any number raised to the first power is the number itself.
i^2 = -1; By definition, i^2 = -1.
i^3 = -i; i^3 = i(i^2) = i(-1) = -i
i^4 = 1; i^4 = i^2 * i^2 = -1 * -1 = 1
You must have got the hang of things now...so tell me, what is the value of i^8, i.e. the eighth power of i? |
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4.
State the basic flaw in the logic that has been employed in producing the following result:
1 = sqrt[1] = sqrt[-1 * -1] = sqrt[-1] * sqrt[-1] = i * i = -1
[Note that "sqrt" denotes the operation "to take the non-negative square root of".] |
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5.
Euler's formula, named after the great 18th-century Swiss mathematician and physicist, Leonhard Euler (pronounced as you would "oiler"), states that for any real number "x",
e^(ix) = cos(x) + i*sin(x)
[e is the base of the natural logarithm; i is the imaginary unit (the a square root of -1); and sine and cosine, respectively abbreviated sin and cos, are trigonometric functions.]
Let's now substitute the value x = (pi)/2 in the above formula.
e^[i*(pi)/2] = cos[(pi)/2] + i*sin[(pi)/2]
Now, cos[(pi)/2] and sin[(pi)/2] are respectively equal to 0 and 1. Therefore,
e^[i*(pi)/2] = 0 + i.1
=> e^[i*(pi)/2] = i
From the expression that has been derived above, what is the value of i^i? |
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6.
We know that i is the square root of -1 ... but what is the square root of i itself? I'll get you started:
i
= 2i / 2
= (2i + 1 - 1)/2
= (2i + 1 + i^2)/2
= (1 + 2i + i^2)/2
So you now know that i = (1 + 2i + i^2)/2
From this expression, what value of the square root of i can one obtain? |
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| 7.
Why, in electrical engineering and allied fields, is the imaginary unit denoted by the letter "j" (as opposed to "i")? |
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8.
An imaginary number is defined as a number whose square is less than or equal to zero. Thus, numbers like 8i and 17i would be "imaginary", because their respective squares, -64 and -289, are negative.
The squares of the imaginary numbers that I used as examples can be calculated as follows:
(8i)^2 = 8i * 8i = (8 * 8) * (i * i) = 64 * -1 = -64
(17i)^2 = 17i * 17i = (17 * 17) * (i * i) = 289 * -1 = -289
The number 0 is also imaginary, because 0^2 = 0. (By the way, 0 is the only number which is both real and imaginary.)
Is the number -2.5i imaginary? |
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| 9.
What result(s) does one get by taking the square root of -36? |
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10.
The set of complex numbers is an extension of the set of real numbers, each element of which can be represented in the form (a + ib), where "a" and "b" are real numbers. Examples of complex numbers are (-3 + i5), (7.98 + i) and (1 - i16.3).
The letter "a" is used to denote the so-called "real part" of the complex number and "b" represents the "imaginary part". Thus, in the complex number (4.9 - i3), 4.9 is the real part and -3 is the imaginary part.
What is the imaginary part of the complex number 56.9? |
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| 11.
If (x + i)(x - i) = 5, where i is the imaginary unit and "x" is positive and real, what is the value of x? |
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12.
De Moivre's formula, developed by the French mathematician Abraham de Moivre (1667 - 1754), states that for any real number "x" and integer "n",
[cos(x) + i.sin(x)]^n = cos(nx) + i.sin(nx)
Using this formula, calculate the value of the following expression:
[cos(pi/4) + i.sin(pi/4)]^2
[pi is the smallest positive "x" for which sin(x) = 0; sin and cos are trigonometric functions.] |
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13.
Complex numbers can be represented as points on a plane with the help of an Argand Diagram, which consists of an x and a y-axis. The x-axis is called the real axis and the y-axis is the imaginary axis. Complex numbers are assigned points on this plane in such a manner that there is a one-to-one correspondence between the set of complex numbers and the set of points on the plane; i.e., each point represents a unique complex number and each complex number is represented by a unique point.
This is accomplished in the following manner:
- The x co-ordinate of a point represents the real part of a complex number.
- The y co-ordinate of the point represents the imaginary part of the complex number.
Thus, the complex number (x + iy) is represented on the Argand Diagram by the point (x,y).
For example,
(5 + i6): (5,6)
(6 - i5): (6,-5)
3i: (0, 3)
-12: (-12,0)
0: (0,0)
-i: (0,-1)
What are the co-ordinates of the point on the Argand Diagram which represents the complex number z = [-2(5 - i9)]? |
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14.
The modulus of the complex number z = x + iy is defined as the distance from the origin of the Argand Diagram to the point P(x,y), and is denoted by the symbol |z|.
What is the modulus of the complex number z = (3 - i4)? |
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| 15.
René Descartes (1637) first coined the term "imaginary number" in a derogatory sense in his "La Geometrie", because such numbers were thought not to exist. Who was the first to introduce the symbol "i" to denote the square root of -1? |
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