Index : P : Persian Wars

Structure Sub-topic of: Ancient Wars Interesting Questions, Facts and Information There are a total of 45 general entries. We are selecting 30 for display. Frequently Asked Questions & Answers There are 30 user-asked question matches ( goto )

Interesting Questions, Facts, and Information

Persian Wars

Xerxes was troubled by a phantom figure which first convinced him not to attack the Greeks, and then tried to persuade him to do so. Xerxes persuaded one of his advisors to dress as him and sleep in his bed to see if the dream would appear to others. Which member of his court, who was opposed to the war, dressed as Xerxes and shared the dream?

Persian Wars: Causes and Course (Gimpess)


Artabanus. Xerxes' two chief advisors each tried to persuade him to agree with them as regards the Greek question. Mardonius, the general of Darius who later became his son-in-law, urged swift and violent retribution against the Greeks. Artabanus, Xerxes' uncle and one time hopeful for the throne, advised that the expedition would be ill-fated. He advised that if Xerxes was intent on this foolish mission that he should remain in safety in Persia and just send Mardonius. Xerxes could not decide between his two advisors and retired for the night. Initially he dreamt that the war was wrong, but the next night the shadowy figure berated him for his cowardice and convinced him to go ahead with the invasion. Artabanus was ordered to dress as Xerxes and sleep in his bed in order that he too might experience the dream. The figure appeared to Artabanus and warned him that he too would be punished if he did not participate in the war. Both Xerxes and Artabanus were convinced.



Xerxes was accompanied on the march back by around 60,000 troops (according to Herodotus) under the command of Artabazus. After escorting the king they laid siege to which city?

Persian Wars: Causes and Course (Gimpess)


Potidaea. The siege of Potidaea began well for the Persians. They cut the city off and Artabazus managed to convince Timoxenus, commander of the troops from Scione, to betray the city. Unfortunately the arrow he fired into the city finalising the offer was intercepted. After three months the Persians judged the tide to be low enough to storm the city through the harbour. They were wrong. The tide rose and unsurprisingly men in metal armour did not float. After this setback the siege was lifted and Artabazus rejoined Mardonius.



Xerxes himself retreated to Persia leaving behind an army to occupy Northern Greece and look to launch an attack on the Peloponnese the following spring/summer. Who was in control of this army?

Persian Wars: Causes and Course (Gimpess)


Mardonius. When Xerxes considered retreating, Mardonius suggested that a force remain behind to occupy Greece and look to complete the invasion next year. He argued that the army had yet to be defeated and that it could still fulfil its potential. Artemisia, using her new-found reputation, advised that Xerxes retreat and leave Mardonius with a force. Xerxes found her advice agreeable. Herodotus adds that Xerxes was so frightened he was very keen to retreat, but this was probably mainly to please his Greek audience.



Why were the Spartans so late in getting to Marathon?

The Drama that was The Persian Wars! (zenphoenixa)


They were delayed by their Karneia festival. According to Herodotus (author of 'Histories'), the Spartans agreed to send help to Marathon but "could not march until the moon was full" in accordance with the rules of their Karneia festival. Due to the Spartans' serious approach to religion, the Athenian generals were tying themselves in knots over whether to initiate a battle with the Persians in case of medism in the Greek army or whether to wait for the Spartans. It's a good thing they didn't wait because the Spartans arrived three days after the Battle of Marathon! According to A.R Burn (author of 'Persia and the Greeks') however, the Spartans actually DID contribute to the Greek victory because their "good will" in deciding to mobilise forced the Persians to hurry their operations, and so "did exert a real and important influence on the campaign." Not bad for doing nothing, hey?



Who was the strategist of the Athenians in the Battle of Marathon?

The Drama that was The Persian Wars! (zenphoenixa)


Militiades. We can give Militiades a fair bit of credit for the Greek victory at Marathon - while the Athenians were divided over whether to defend Athens or to just plain run, Militiades convinced the Athenians to defend the city outside it so that they could fall back on Athens if flight was necessary. Militiades was also perceptive enough to notice when the Persian cavalry was shifted onto the Persian ships, due to the Persians hoping to launch a surprise attack on Athens by sea. The cavalry had posed a serious threat to Greece because the Greeks had none and because Marathon was a suitable battleground for cavalry, thus Militiades was quick enough to take advantage of the situation instead of waiting for the arrival of promised Spartan help!



What we know about the Persian Wars all comes from one source, a Greek historian alternately known as the father of history and as the father of lies. What was his name?

The Persian Wars (CellarDoor)


Herodotus. Herodotus was born around 484 BCE in Halicarnassus, but he lived most of his life in Athens as a resident alien - a metic. Although others before him had written 'histories', these had largely been simply stories of past events (like Homer's 'The Iliad') instead of efforts to EXPLAIN the past. This is why Herodotus is so often called the Father of History - his failure to meet the standards of modern scholarship and objectivity, however, earns him the title 'Father of Lies.' He died around 420 BCE, in the midst of the Peloponnesian War.



What was the name of the mountain pass where the Greeks fought their first battle with the Persians?

The Drama that was The Persian Wars! (zenphoenixa)


Thermopylae. The Pass of Thermopylae was perfect because it was so narrow! The Greeks knew that they were hopelessly outnumbered by the Persians, so what better way to overcome this then to choose geographical locations that favoured small armies rather than large ones? Since Thermopylae was so narrow, it meant that the Persians were restricted from sending huge amounts of soldiers against the Greeks at one time. Additionally, according to C. Hignett (author of 'Xerxes' invasion of Greece'), Thermopylae was the "gateway into Greece proper" and needed to be defended!



What mainland Greek cities initially tried to protect the rebels from Persian vengeance?

The Persian Wars (CellarDoor)


Athens and Eretria. Yes, there is a Greek city named Eretria, not to be confused with the nation of Eritrea that won its independence from Ethiopia in the 1990s. Although these cities sent both fleets and armies to aid the Ionians, King Darius I of Persia was able to brutally suppress the rebels by 494 BCE - and the support of the Athenians and Eretrians was the perfect excuse for the Persians to invade Greece.



The story of Thermopylae is well known. The Persians were eventually led over the pass and to the rear of the Greek forces by which Greek traitor?

Persian Wars: Causes and Course (Gimpess)


Ephialtes. The battle of Thermopylae is well documented. The pass allowed the Greeks to meet the Persians on equal terms, the superior numbers of the latter being no use in the narrow pass. Even the famed Immortals, Xerxes' own bodyguard, were repulsed with heavy losses. The traitor, Ephialtes, led the Persians over a mountain pass which was lightly guarded by Phocians. The seer Megistias first alerted the Greek force to the danger and Leonidas acted accordingly. He was reminded of a prophecy that stated either a 'king of the house of Hercules' would die or 'your famed, great town [Sparta] must be sacked by Perseus' sons'. Leonidas, one of the two kings of Sparta, came from the royal house supposedly descended from Hercules. He believed his death would save his city.



The story of 300 against a million is rather exaggerated. Not only were there considerably fewer Persians than that, but also the Spartans were not alone. Which other force voluntarily remained behind with Leonidas?

Persian Wars: Causes and Course (Gimpess)


Thespians. When he heard the news that the Persians were about to surround the Greek position, Leonidas dismissed his allies. He refused to lead his warriors in a retreat and led his 298 warriors into battle. He forced the Thebans to remain behind as hostages to ensure the continued support of their city. The only other contingent to remain behind were the Thespians, who refused to abandon Leonidas. They died alongside the Spartans. The two Spartiates who were too ill to fight saw the desperate straits of their allies, one plunged into the fray and died alongside his comrades. The other returned to Sparta where (according to Herodotus) he committed suicide because of his shame. The Thebans surrendered as the Spartans and Thespians were pushed back and the Persians spared their lives.



The siege of Thebes followed and the Greek fleet finally caught up with the Persian one at the Hellespont. They found the bridge already broken and prepared to for the final skirmish of the war. This was the battle of ______?

Persian Wars: Causes and Course (Gimpess)


Mycale. The battle of Mycale was fought by the Greek fleet, but was mainly a land battle. The fleets took the unusual step of disembarking to fight. The battle was long and slow, the Persians well dug in and the Greeks unable to break through. Eventually the army that had won at Plataea and Thebes began to arrive, taking the Persians from the opposite direction. This defeat marked the end of the Persian Wars and ensured that the next major war the Greeks fought would be amongst themselves. I hope this has entertained you :-)



The Persians met their first defeat in 490 on the plain of Marathon. What experienced soldier - formerly part of Darius's army - led the Greeks to victory on that day?

The Persian Wars (CellarDoor)


Miltiades. Before the Battle of Marathon, the Persians had already sacked the city of Eretria, and they did not expect much resistance from the Athenians, whose forces they greatly outnumbered. After a week of dissent and anxiety as they watched the Persian encampment only a mile away, the Greeks finally decided to make an unprecedented move: Athenian and Plataean hoplites (heavily armored infantrymen with interlocking shields) rushed across the plain to attack the Persians in formation, at a run. The collapse of the Persian flanks allowed the Greeks to trap the center, and within a few hours the Greeks had managed to defeat a much larger army.



The Persians began to march towards Greece in 490 BCE, under the command of Darius I. Did they face united Greek resistance?

The Persian Wars (CellarDoor)


No. Because Persia was interested in attacking only those Greek city-states which had supported the Ionians, the other Greek cities did not feel particularly threatened. We must also remember that the Greek cities had never been united and frequently fought amongst themselves - so that some Greeks were relieved by the attack on their neighbors. Because of this, the only city-state to stand with Athens and Eretria against the Persians was the small town of Plataea.



The Persian Wars began when the Greek inhabitants of conquered cities began revolting against their Persian rulers beginning in 499 BCE. These cities were a part of what territory (now part of Turkey) conquered by Cyrus II?

The Persian Wars (CellarDoor)


Ionia. The other three areas are all on the main Greek peninsula. The cities of Ionia - including Miletus, Ephesus, Chios, and Samos - had accepted Persian rule for several decades, as the Persian strategy was to allow conquered lands to keep most of their independence. But around 500 BCE, as radical new political ideas like democracy swept through Greece, the Ionian cities suddenly found Persian rule unacceptable and rebelled.



The Peloponnesians weren't impressed with Themistocles' insistence to face the Persians at Salamis. Before their dissent could get any worse, what trick did Themistocles pull?

The Drama that was The Persian Wars! (zenphoenixa)


He sent a letter to Xerxes hinting at Greek treachery and withdrawal. Aristides in a dress? Highly amusing, but... heh, no. Themistocles sent a letter to Xerxes hinting that the Athenians were willing to switch sides in the battle, and added that "the Greeks are at daggers drawn with each other." (Herodotus.) Burn believes that the aim of this was to make the Persians enter the strait of Salamis in full force, "confidently and impetuously." This meant that the Persians, confident of victory beforehand, would rush on in and their commanders wouldn't be able to control them or get them out of the strait again, thus creating utter confusion! Clever, no?



The news of Xerxes advance reached the Athenians who promptly sent to the oracle at Delphi for a prophecy. The first was not to their liking, so a second was requested. The envoys liked the second one better and returned to Athens. The assembled masses focused on two lines in particular 'Yet Zeus the all-seeing grants to Athene's prayer, That the wooden wall only shall not fall, but help you and your children.' What did the masses assume the 'wooden wall' to mean?

Persian Wars: Causes and Course (Gimpess)


The fleet. The Athenian envoys arrived at Delphi and performed the customary rites, they then asked the oracle for her prophecy. The prophecy referred to them as 'doomed ones' and used phrases such as 'all is ruined' and 'bow your hearts in grief'. The envoys were not happy with this and approached a second time, bearing olive branches, and asked for another prophecy. This one was more to their liking and they returned to the city with it. 'Not wholly can Pallas win the heart of Olympian Zeus, Though she prays him with many prayers and all her subtlety; Yet will I speak to you this other word, as firm as adamant: Though all else shall be taken within the bound of Cecrops And the fastness of the holy mountain of Cithaeron, Yet Zeus the all-seeing grants to Athene's prayer That the wooden wall only shall not fall, but help you and your children. But await not the host of horse and foot coming from Asia, Nor be still, but turn your back and withdraw from the foe. Truly a day will come when you will meet him face to face. Divine Salamis, you will bring the death to women's sons When the corn is scattered, or the harvest gathered in.' The Athenians understood the wooden wall to be the fleet and identified Salamis as the place for a decisive battle. While the prophecy predicted death, by calling it 'Blessed Salamis' the oracle was giving its blessing to a battle there.



The new alliance of Greek city-states against the Persian invasion was headed by what city-state?

The Persian Wars (CellarDoor)


Sparta. Sparta was a natural choice for this leadership role, as its population was highly militarized. Although the Greek city-states were far more unified for the second Persian War than for the first, some cities still sided with the Persians against their neighbors. Thessaly, Argos, and Thebes were among these.



The most detailed source on The Persian Wars is Herodotus. Where was he born?

Persian Wars: Causes and Course (Gimpess)


Halicarnassus, Asia Minor. Herodotus is a controversial figure, known as both the 'Father of Lies' and the 'Father of History'. He was born between 490BCE and 480BCE in Halicarnassus, on the south-west coast of Asia Minor. He is known to have travelled widely, to Egypt, Africa and extensively in Greece. His age means that he was likely to have access to sources that saw/survived the Persian Wars. Unfortunately he has a tendency to make up for a lack of facts by recording popular beliefs. While this can be useful for gauging the public opinion at a time, it is not a replacement for the facts. He moved to Italy to finalise 'The Histories' and eventually died in 425BCE.



The Greeks weren't blind - they knew that Xerxes was on the way! In 481 BC, a Congress of 31 Greek states was held to discuss the problem. Which Greek state was given command of both the Greek navy and army?

The Drama that was The Persian Wars! (zenphoenixa)


Sparta. Well, it was a toss up between Athens and Sparta, the two natural leaders of Greece, and Sparta came out on top because the allies had already decided that they didn't want to submit to Athenian leadership. Athens swallowed her pride and yielded to the decision because according to Herodotus, she knew that a quarrel "would mean the destruction of Greece." So much for disunity among the Greeks - not only did Athens not press the issue, but the states also decided that all disputes would end between them, which meant the end of dispute between Athens and her old enemy, Aegina. Now that took guts!



The Greek states united at the prospect of imminent invasion. They sent out envoys to surrounding cities. The army was assembled, under the command of which city state?

Persian Wars: Causes and Course (Gimpess)


Sparta. According to Herodotus the Athenians were noble enough to share command with the Spartans (they commanded the fleet and the Spartans the army). In reality it is more likely that they knew that the other Greek states had more liking for Sparta, and that forcing them to accept Athenian control would fracture the fledgling alliance. The envoys to other states had mixed results. The most important failure was in securing the support of Gelon of Syracuse. The tyrant of Syracuse offered supplies and troops but only if the Greeks would accept his sole command. This was clearly unacceptable to the proud and independent Greek states and they had to make do without his support.



The first obstacle to Xerxes was crossing the Hellespont. The first bridge built was swept away by the water. What action did Xerxes take to ensure the success of the second bridge?

Persian Wars: Causes and Course (Gimpess)


He had the Hellespont lashed to teach it a lesson. Xerxes' first bridge over the Hellespont was destroyed in a storm. Ever the patient ruler, Xerxes had the architects beheaded and in order to ensure the Hellespont did not thwart his plans again he had it lashed and red hot brands thrust into it. His army crossed at the second attempt, over two bridges of boats. The crossing took seven days and nights. Xerxes crack troops, the Ten Thousand, had the honour of crossing first.



The final battle of the Persian Wars took place at Mycale. The Greeks won another victory of course, but what other significant event occurred in this battle?

The Drama that was The Persian Wars! (zenphoenixa)


The Ionians revolted against the Persians. Well, it was bound to happen some time! After Salamis, the remnants of the Persian navy withdrew to Samos where, according to Herodotus, "they remained to guard against a possible Ionian revolt." There wasn't much that the Persians could do about it though - when the Spartan King Leotychides arrived at Mycale to do battle with the Persians who had withdrawn to the mainland, he was told by a chance informant that the Ionians were ready to revolt so long as they had sufficient backing. Leotychides thus sailed up and down the coast proclaiming freedom for the Ionians if they would only revolt. Whether or not this did the trick or whether the Ionians planned it all along, during the battle the Ionians suddenly switched sides and started attacking their Persian masters. Thus, according to Herodotus, "this day saw the second Ionian revolt from Persian dominance." Whew! That's enough Persian Wars for one day. Hope you enjoyed the quiz! :)



The burning of Sardis caused Darius to fly into a rage. He swore revenge on the Athenians (ignoring the Ionian troops who actually sacked Sardis), and had his servants repeat to him what words three times each day?

Persian Wars: Causes and Course (Gimpess)


'Master, remember the Athenians'. When he heard about the sacking of Sardis (his capital) Darius shot an arrow into the sky and cried 'Grant, O God, that I may punish the Athenians'. He then instructed his servants to tell him three times a day as he sat down to dinner, 'Master, remember the Athenians'. He began to gather information about the Athenians as his army began to reclaim the land lost to the Ionians. First Cyprus was reconquered and then the Ionian forces were separated and subjugated.



The Athenians were guided in their interpretation of the prophecy by Themistocles. Themistocles had previously given sage advice to the Athenian assembly regarding what?

Persian Wars: Causes and Course (Gimpess)


How to spend the money from the mines at Laurium. Themistocles had possibly served as an archon in around 493BCE, but rose to prominence during the debate about how to spend the proceeds from the silver mines at Laurium. The assembly had originally wanted to divide it amongst themselves (at the rate of 10 drachmaa per person) but were persuaded to instead pool the money. This was then used to build a fleet of 200 warships. It was this decision that enabled Athens to become a maritime power and ultimately defeat the Persian armada. His good advice then allowed him to influence the people again.



Soon afterwards, while the Persian army burned Athens and sacked the surrounding countryside, the Athenian general Themistocles was able to lure the Persian fleet into a narrow strait nearby, where they were soundly defeated in what naval battle?

The Persian Wars (CellarDoor)


Salamis. This battle largely ended the Persian Wars. Xerxes fled home with most of his armies, leaving a small force behind to inflict whatever casualties and damage it could. This force was defeated by a Spartan-led coalition at Plataea in 479.



Since the Persians still possessed the advantage of numbers, the Greeks sought to hold them at a place narrow enough that this advantage would be neutralized. What mountain pass did they choose?

The Persian Wars (CellarDoor)


Thermopylae. At Thermopylae, a relatively small number of Greek hoplites was able to hold back thousands of advancing Persians for days - until Greeks allied with Xerxes showed the Persians a mountain trail that would let them attack the Greeks from the rear. Leonidas, a Spartan king, sent his Greek allies home to fight another day, while he and the other 300 Spartans held the pass as long as they could before they were killed. Their legendary bravery bought their allies time, as did the heroic efforts of the smaller - but heavier and better-armed - Greek navy in the nearby strait of Euboea.



Mardonius moved in the summer and re-occupied a deserted Athens. After an appeal from the Athenians, the Spartans deployed 5,000 Spartiates and 35,000 Helots and Mardonius retreated. A stalemate at Plataea ensured for around 14 days. In the final battle the Persian army of 300,000 was slaughtered. According to Herodotus how many Persians survived the rout?

Persian Wars: Causes and Course (Gimpess)


3,000. The defeat of the Persians was complete, only Mardonius' cavalry had any success. The Spartans routed the cream of the Persians and the rest of the Greek force tore through the Medes and Persian allies. Mardonius himself died in the melee and according to Herodotus only 3,000 of the Persians succeeded in fleeing.



It seems that Sparta was once again unwilling to take quick action against the Persians to follow up the Greek victory at Salamis. What did Athens threaten to do if Sparta didn't start moving?

The Drama that was The Persian Wars! (zenphoenixa)


Athens threatened to withdraw from the war. Sparta was proving herself more exasperatingly conservative than even Athens could handle - Herodotus states that there was tension between Athens and Sparta preceeding the Greek march to Boetia where the rest of the Persian army were residing. He blames this tension on Sparta's self-interested policy of refusing to move beyond the Isthmus. It pays to consider Sparta's point of view - it's possible that Sparta was detained by her harvests (hey, all Greek states have their own lives, afterall!) or a dangerous coalition of pro-Persian states in the Peloponnese. It could also be suggested that Sparta was aware of the advantages that the terrain of Boetia had for the Persian cavalry, and weren't too eager to throw herself against such odds. At any rate, according to Burn, "It took Athens' threat to withdraw from the war to turn the scale at Sparta." Another factor which contributed to frightening the Spartans into mobilising was the prospect of Athens being defeated or coerced by the Persians (Mardonius had already been making overtures to Athens to turncoat!)which meant that her naval power would become Persia's to use against the Peloponnesians. Yikes!



Darius's invasion began with a naval battle, defeating the Ionians, Samians and Lesbians. This enabled them to assault with strategically important city?

Persian Wars: Causes and Course (Gimpess)


Miletus. The victory over the Ionian fleet allowed the Persians to attack Miletus by land and sea. Miletus, the hometown of Aristogoras the principal general of the Ionian revolt, was sacked after its walls were sapped and rammed. The entire city was reduced to slavery. The city used as a winter base for the Persian fleet which took Chios, Lesbos and Tenedos without diffciulty. They were then prepared for the summer campaign season.



Darius' invasion (under Hippias) culminated in the Battle of Marathon. The Persians chose the battlefield as it allowed them to deploy their cavalry to best advantage. The Athenian army hurried to meet them. Under the command of how many generals was the Athenian army?

Persian Wars: Causes and Course (Gimpess)


Ten. The Athenians decided to hurry and meet the Persians at Marathon despite it not being to their advantage. They would have been better served choosing a battlefield which would have limited the usefulness of cavalry. The Greeks depended on their hoplite foot soldiers to carry battles, while the Persians had a much more diverse range of troops. The Athenian troops were commanded by ten generals (one for each tribe in the city), the most famous of these being Miltiades. It is to him that the historic victory is attributed. The majority of the generals favoured a very cautious approach and did not want to offer battle on the plains of Marathon. Miltiades convinced them otherwise. The vote was finally carried after Miltiades prevailed upon the War Archon Callimachus that offering battle was essential.



Clean-up operations after the wars, including the liberation of Greek cities in modern-day Turkey, were handled by an alliance led by Athens. What was this alliance called?

The Persian Wars (CellarDoor)


Delian League. The members of the Delian League - which did not include Sparta - were supposed to pay funds towards the common effort. These funds eventually went to a treasury on the sacred island of Delos, but when the treasury was moved to Athens, it became clear that the alliance had become an empire, with Athens's 'allies' as its subjects. While the League was successful in freeing Ionia and removing the Persians from the Aegean Sea, many found Athenian rule more distasteful than Persian rule. It was the building of the Athenian Empire through the Delian League, with all the accompanying power shifts, that led to the Peloponnesian War less than fifty years later. I hope you've enjoyed this quiz!

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